人工智能对医疗损害责任归责原则影响的探讨
Discussion on the impact of artificial intelligence on the principle of attribution for medical damage liability
中国传统医疗损害责任归责原则采取三元说,以过错责任为一般原则,以过错推定责任和无过错责任为补充。目前,人工智能在医疗领域已经得到广泛应用。基于道德自主选择、技术独立发展的特质,其产生效益的同时对患者权益产生了前所未有的风险,导致传统医疗损害责任归责原则与医疗人工智能不能完全适配。一方面,在人工智能自主行为不足以影响诊疗活动的主体和因果关系的情况下,依然可以适用传统医疗损害归责原则;另一方面,在人工智能加入诊疗活动因其高自主性导致因果关系发生根本变化后,传统医疗损害责任归责原则与其不适配,如固守传统,则易导致医患利益失衡、医疗秩序紊乱。因此,为了重建医疗行为自由与患者权益保护的平衡、促进医疗创新、用好人工智能去提高诊疗水平,以扩大患者自主、增进患者福祉,拟探讨如何调整人工智能加入后诊疗活动后的医疗损害责任归责原则,使之与人工智能适配。基于AI的风险管理,应立法为人工智能运营者设定合规义务,制定理性人工智能标准,违反合规义务或不符合标准的,应推定过错。故人工智能参与的医疗损害责任归责原则应适用过错推定责任;过错责任或无过错责任应谨慎适用。
China’s traditional principle of liability attribution for medical damage adopts a tripartite theory, with fault liability as the general principle, supplemented by the presumption of fault liability and no-fault liability. At present, artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely used in the medical field. Based on the characteristics of moral autonomy and technological independent development, it brings unprecedented risks to patients’ rights and interests while generating benefits, resulting in the traditional principle of liability attribution for medical damage not being fully adapted to medical AI. On the one hand, in the case where the autonomous behavior of AI is not enough to affect the subject and causality of diagnosis and treatment activities, the traditional principle of liability attribution for medical damage can still be applied. On the other hand, after the fundamental change of causality caused by the high autonomy of AI in diagnosis and treatment activities, the traditional principle of liability attribution for medical damage is not suitable for AI. If the tradition is adhered to, it will easily lead to an imbalance of the doctor-patient interests and disorder medical order. Therefore, to rebuild the balance between the freedom of medical behavior and the protection of patient’s rights and interests, promote medical innovation, and make good use of AI to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment, thereby expanding patients’ autonomy and improving patients’ well-being, this paper explored how to adjust the principle of liability attribution for medical damage after the inclusion of AI in diagnosis and treatment activities, and make it fit with AI. AI-based risk management should be legislated to set compliance obligations for AI operators and formulate reasonable AI standards, and those who violate compliance obligations or do not meet standards should be presumed at fault. Therefore, the principle of liability attribution for medical damage involving AI should apply the presumption of fault liability; fault liability or no-fault liability should be applied cautiously.
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