不适格近亲属捐献遗体器官的非正当性分析
Analysis on the illegitimacy of deceased body and organ donation by ineligible close relatives
《中华人民共和国民法典》明确规定:在自然人生前未表示不同意捐献的情况下,配偶、成年子女、父母可共同书面决定捐献死者遗体器官,进而引发了“在配偶、成年子女、父母缺位或丧失民事行为能力的前提下,不适格近亲属是否有权或应当有权捐献遗体器官”的讨论。不适格近亲属捐献死者遗体器官不具有正当性,并对此进行论证。从权利依据看,近亲属因其与死者的身份关系而取得遗体器官所有权,但鉴于捐献不同于安葬等处分方式,需进一步作出限制,《民法典》通过“特定身份”将不适格近亲属排除在法定适格主体之外,故不适格近亲属丧失捐献死者遗体器官的权利依据;从危害后果看,不适格近亲属捐献遗体器官一方面难以保证死者自我决定权得到尊重,另一方面难以辨别器官捐献动机因“善”还是因“利”,如因利益驱使而产生了捐献意愿,捐献行为无异于买卖器官,具有很大的危害性;即便在法定适格主体缺位或丧失完全民事行为能力的特殊前提下,由于捐献遗体器官之权利是基于特定身份关系而享有的,具有人身专属性,因而也不能被不适格近亲属取得并行使。因此,不适格近亲属捐献遗体器官不具有正当性。
The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China clearly stipulates that if a natural person has not expressed their disagreement to donation during their lifetime, the spouses, adult children, and parents may jointly make a written decision to donate the deceased’s body and organs. This provision has further sparked the discussion on “whether the ineligible close relatives have the right or should have the right to donate the body and organs under the premise that the spouses, adult children, and parents of the deceased are absent or have lost their civil capacity.” This paper argued that it was illegitimate for ineligible close relatives to donate the deceased’s body and organs. From the perspective of the basis for rights, close relatives obtained the ownership of the body and organs due to their identity relationship with the deceased. However, given that the donation differed from burial and other disposal forms, further restrictions needed to be imposed. The Civil Code excludes ineligible close relatives from legally qualified subjects through “specific identity,” thereby depriving them of the legal basis to donate the deceased’s body and organs. In terms of harmful consequences, on the one hand, donation by ineligible close relatives may fail to ensure respect for the deceased’s right to self-determination. On the other hand, it was difficult to distinguish whether their motivation for organ donation was from “goodness” or “profit”. If the intention to donate was driven by profit, then the act of donation would be tantamount to organ trafficking, which is highly harmful. Even under the special premise that the legally qualified subjects were absent or had lost their full civil capacity, the right to donate body and organs could not be obtained and exercised by ineligible close relatives, as it is enjoyed based on a specific identity relationship and has personal exclusivity. Therefore, it is illegitimate for ineligible close relatives to donate the deceased’s body and organs.
| [1] |
童世骏.论规则(增订版)[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2019:343-344. |
| [2] |
王利明.人格尊严:民法典人格权编的首要价值[J].当代法学,2021,35(1):3-14. |
| [3] |
牛彬彬.人体资源利用法律制度研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2020. |
| [4] |
|
| [5] |
牛春燕.遗体捐献决定权的归属及行使[J].锦州医科大学学报(社会科学版),2022,20(2):39-42. |
| [6] |
|
| [7] |
宋健,陈文琪.中国家庭结构变迁研究的共识与分歧[J].青年探索,2024(4):5-14. |
| [8] |
李晓蕾,葛道顺,刘军华.困境器官捐献供者家庭面临的社会排斥问题研究[J].医学与哲学,2023,44(16):21-26. |
| [9] |
|
| [10] |
费孝通.乡土中国[M].北京:人民出版社,2008:28-30. |
| [11] |
周德霞,刘剑.亲属参与器官捐献决定的伦理反思[J].医学争鸣,2017,8(5):56-61. |
| [12] |
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |