同情用药:国内外制度对比及伦理问题探讨
Expanded access: comparison of domestic and international systems and exploration of ethical issues
20世纪70年代,同情用药在美国已初现雏形,随后形成相对完整的制度体系。近年来,中国陆续出台相关管理办法与意见征求稿,同情用药逐渐向规范化与制度化推进。通过文献研究与案例分析,梳理国内外同情用药制度沿革与应用现状,比对不同国家同情用药制度与实践差异,探析中国同情用药制度及当前面临的主要伦理问题。针对责任主体界定、获益-风险评估、患者理性决策,建议监管部门尽快在法律层面明确各主体的权责划分,伦理审查谨慎权衡同情用药的需求与风险、落实有效的知情同意。各医疗机构在充分的监管政策指导下规范开展同情用药,满足患者需求,兼顾医学研究与治疗中的人文关怀。
In the 1970s, expanded access began to take shape in the United States and subsequently evolved into a relatively complete institutional system. In recent years, China has successively issued relevant management measures and draft opinions, gradually promoting the standardization and institutionalization of expanded access. Based on literature research and case analysis, this paper sorted out the evolution and current application status of expanded access systems both domestically and internationally, compared the differences in expanded access systems and practices in different countries, and explored the expanded access system and the main ethical issues currently facing in China. Regarding the definition of responsible entities, benefit-risk assessment, and patients’ rational decision-making, it was suggested that regulatory authorities should promptly clarify the division of rights and responsibilities among various entities at the legal level, and that ethical review should carefully balance the needs and risks of expanded access and implement effective informed consent. Under the guidance of comprehensive regulatory policies, medical institutions should standardize the implementation of expanded access to meet patients’ needs while balancing humanistic care in medical research and treatment.
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