“人性”能否作为支持或反对人类增强的理由
“Human nature” can it be used as a reason to support or oppose human enhancement
对人类增强技术的伦理讨论往往绕不开“人性”,人们以“人性”为由支持或反对基因增强等新兴生物技术。在人类增强技术语境下,有自然主义人性观和可完善人性观两种。“人性”论证大致分为“感恩式”和“创造式”两种框架。感恩式框架认为未经改变的自然基因是人之为人的根本,禁止人类增强;创造式框架认为利用基因增强技术完善人类自身是人性的本质要求,因而持支持态度。然而,两种论证方式各有缺陷,“人性”论证并不能成为支持或反对人类增强的关键性理由,且难以为人类增强的应用提供明确的伦理指导。
Ethical discussions on human enhancement technologies are often inseparable from “human nature,” which serves as grounds for both supporting and opposing emerging biotechnologies such as genetic enhancement. In the context of human enhancement technologies, two views of human nature have emerged, namely, naturalism and perfectibility. Arguments regarding “human nature” can be roughly divided into two frameworks, including the “grateful” and the “creative.” The grateful framework asserts that unaltered natural genes constitute the essence of being human and therefore prohibits human enhancement. The creative framework argues that using genetic enhancement technologies to perfect human beings is an essential requirement of human nature and thus holds a supportive attitude. However, both argument approaches have their drawbacks. The “human nature” argument cannot serve as a critical reason for supporting or opposing human enhancement, and it struggles to provide clear ethical guidance for the application of human enhancement.
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