The Mongolian Plateau is an important ecological barrier in northern China and even in East Asia and also a sensitive area to global warming. This study utilized MODIS series products to construct the remote sensing ecological index RSEI and analyzed the change characteristics of ecological environment quality in areas of different vegetation types in the Mongolian Plateau from 2001 to 2020, with the following results obtained. Overall, the ecological environment quality of the Mongolian Plateau was at a moderately low level, and the zonal succession pattern from northeast to southwest was distinct spatially. Broad-leaved forest and coniferous forest areas had the best ecological environment quality, while desert steppe and Gobi desert areas were the worst in ecological environment quality. During 2001–2020, the change trend and stability of ecological environment quality in the Mongolian Plateau did not have clear zonal characteristics and spatiotemporal continuity. The ecological environment quality of the typical grassland and desert steppe areas with the largest areas showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, which was unstable but slowly rising on the whole, and the future sustainability exhibited the main trend from rising to falling. The ecological environment quality of the southwesternmost Gobi desert area showed a steady downward trend, and the future sustainability was mainly from decline to increase. The ecological environment quality in areas of other vegetation types increased slightly, whereas the characteristics of future changes were complex and diverse.
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