Surface temperature is a key parameter in the Earth's energy balance and plays an important role in surface water-heat cycle. As a giant thermal hub in the heart of the Eurasian continent, the dynamic surface temperature of the Mongolian Plateau has a decisive impact on regional climate aridification. Based on MODIS MYD11C3 surface temperature data from 2003 to 2023, this study analyzed the temporal and spatial changes of daytime and nighttime land surface temperature (LST) in the Mongolian Plateau and their driving factors. The results are as follows. (1) The Mongolian Plateau exhibits a significant asymmetric diurnal warming trend, with daytime surface temperature increasing at a rate of 0.037 °C/yr, while nighttime surface temperature shows a significant increase at a rate of 0.058 °C/yr. (2) The spatial heterogeneity of surface temperature is significant, with an overall pattern of higher temperatures in the southwest and lower temperatures in the northeast, showing a strong negative correlation with vegetation cover (EVI) (R < -0.95). (3) Partial correlation analysis indicates that air temperature is the core positive factor dominating the spatial pattern of surface temperature. The influences of vegetation (EVI, tree cover), evapotranspiration, and albedo exhibit complex diurnal-nocturnal and spatial differentiation. The study highlights the synergistic effects of climate change and land surface feedback on the thermal environment of the region. The results provide a scientific basis for adaptive management of pastoral activities and the construction of ecological barriers in the Mongolian Plateau.
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