Based on hourly surface precipitation observation data from Sichuan Province and ECMWF model data, the distribution characteristics of short-duration heavy rain were analyzed. Forecast factors with clear physical significance were selected from the dynamical, thermal, and moisture-related predictors, and the corresponding quantile values for each predictor were obtained using the quantile mapping method. Combining this with the ingredients-based methodology, probability forecast products for short-duration heavy rain were developed and applied for operational purposes.The results showed the following: (1) Temporal and spatial variations of short-duration heavy rain in the basin are significant. The frequency of short-duration heavy rain is low from 12:00 to 17:00, gradually increasing after 18:00, with a peak at 02:00, followed by a significant decrease thereafter. The lowest proportion of short-duration heavy precipitation occurs at 12:00. The majority of short-duration heavy rain events are concentrated in the western part of the basin, which is characterized by steep slopes. (2) Forecast evaluations demonstrated that regions with a probability greater than 35% show a significant correlation with short-duration heavy rain events. The probability forecast products effectively identify areas prone to short-duration heavy rain, with fewer false alarms, particularly when the ECMWF 3-hour cumulative precipitation forecast is weak.
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting(以下简称“EC”)模式对于高能暖区型暴雨过程有较强的系统性偏差,大量级降水尤其是对流性降水预报明显偏小[12],模式直接输出的3 h累计降水产品参考价值不高。分位数映射法(Quantile Mapping,QM)是典型的频率订正方法,可有效纠正模式降水预报与实况降水之间的频率差异,对极端降水也有较好的订正效果[13-15]。本研究选取以往暴雨个例诊断分析结果中与短时强降水发生是否密切相关的物理量因子,将分位数映射法中模式降水预报的概率分布迁移为物理量因子的概率分布,将百分位数迁移为表征短时强降水发生可能性的概率值,分位值迁移为界定阈值。针对以往研究区域和降水过程划分不细致的问题,本研究合理分区,将模式检验结果、个例诊断分析研究结论以及预报员的主观经验客观化。不同区域采用不同的配料方案,并针对模式预报偏差较大的暖区暴雨和盆地西部陡峭地形影响区域设计调控因子,以期得到最优的预报效果,为预报业务提供参考。
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