Using monthly ESA CCI soil moisture data from 2001 to 2020, this study analyzed the spatial-temporal dynamics of soil moisture in Northeast China over the past two decades. Trend analysis was employed to identify changes in soil moisture patterns, while partial correlation analysis was used to explore relationships between soil moisture and climatic factors, including temperature, precipitation, sunshine hours, and potential evapotranspiration. Geographical detectors were further applied to identify the main climatic drivers influencing soil moisture variations. The key findings are as follows: (1) The spatial distribution pattern of soil moisture in the three northeastern provinces was "low in the western plain and high in the northern and southeast mountains". The soil moisture content in the high vegetation cover area represented by woodland was the highest, while the grassland soil moisture was the lowest. (2) The soil moisture showed a fluctuating upward trend, and will continue to rise in the future, but about 16.6% of the areas will have drought risk in the future. (3) On the whole, soil moisture in Northeast China was positively correlated with precipitation, but negatively correlated with temperature, sunshine hours and potential evapotranspiration. Precipitation was the main factor affecting the spatial-temporal dynamics of soil moisture, followed in order of influence by potential evapotranspiration, air temperature and sunshine hours.
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