秸秆还田模式对旱地玉米主要病虫害发生和产量的影响
王思宇 , 邢鲲 , 贺润平 , 刘骉 , 孙东宝 , 赵飞
山西农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (05) : 30 -38.
秸秆还田模式对旱地玉米主要病虫害发生和产量的影响
Effects of Straw Returning Modes on the Occurrence of Major Pests and Yield of Maize in Dryland
为了明确不同秸秆还田模式对旱地玉米大斑病、穗腐病和玉米螟的发生以及产量的影响,在固定玉米田开展长期定点试验,其中,主区设春还田和秋还田2个处理,副区设3个还田深度(15、30、45 cm)和2个还田量(半量、全量还田),系统评估还田时间、还田深度和还田量对旱地玉米大斑病、穗腐病和玉米螟发生以及产量的影响。结果表明,对于玉米大斑病病情指数而言,秋还田比春还田低12.24%;春还田模式下,半量还田比全量还田低13.32%;秋还田模式下,不同还田量间差异不显著。对于玉米穗腐病病情指数而言,与秋还田相比,春还田穗腐病病情指数降低;还田深度45 cm比还田深度15 cm显著降低30.43%;全量还田比半量还田降低4.29%。对于玉米螟危害率而言,春还田比秋还田降低21.64%;还田深度45 cm比还田深度15 cm显著降低51.82%,还田量对玉米螟危害的玉米被害株率无显著影响。在产量方面,秋还田+全量还田可以提高旱地玉米产量;还田深度为30 cm时的玉米产量较高。因此,依据不同地区玉米病虫害的发生规律差异,可以采用秋还田+半量还田的措施抑制大斑病等气传病害发生,采用春还田+还田深度(30~45 cm)的措施防控穗腐病与玉米螟等土传病害以及在土壤中越冬的害虫。
In order to clarify the effects of different straw returning modes on the occurrence of maize northern leaf blight, ear rot, and Ostrinia furnacalis, as well as the yields of maize in dryland, in this study, long-term field experiments in the fixed fields were carried out. The main area was set up with two treatments, spring straw returning and autumn straw returning. Three returning depths(15, 30, and 45 cm) and two returning amounts(half and full returning) were performed in the secondary area. The effects of straw returning time, returning depth, and returning amount on the occurrence of maize northern leaf blight, ear rot, and O. furnacalis, as well as the yields of maize in dryland were systematically evaluated. The results showed that for the disease index(DI) of maize northern leaf blight, the autumn straw returning was 12.24% lower than the spring straw returning. Under the spring straw returning mode, the DI of the half amount straw returning was 13.32% lower than that of the full amount straw returning. Under the autumn straw returning mode, there was no significant difference in the DI among different straw returning amounts. For the DI of ear rot, compared with the autumn straw returning, the spring straw returning led to a lower DI of ear rot. Compared with 15 cm, straw returning depth of 45 cm significantly reduced the DI by 30.43%. The full amount straw returning was 4.29% lower than the half amount straw returning. For the damage rate of O. furnacalis, the spring straw returning was 21.64% lower than the autumn straw returning. The straw returning depth of 45 cm significantly reduced the damage rate by 51.82% compared with 15 cm, and the straw returning amount had no significant effect on the number of maize plants number of maize plants damaged by O. furnacalis. In terms of yield, the combination of the full amount straw returning and the autumn straw returning mode could increase the maize yield in dryland. The yield of maize was higher when the returning depth was 30 cm. Therefore, according to the differences in the occurrence of O. furnacalis and the two diseases of maize in different regions, the measure of autumn straw returning and half amount straw returning could be adapted to inhibit the occurrence of air borne diseases such as corn northern leaf blight, and the measures of spring straw returning and returning depth(30-45 cm) could be adapted to prevent and control soil-borne diseases like ear rot and pests that overwinter in the soil such as O. furnacalis.
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国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1900705)
山西省玉米产业技术体系(2025CYJSTX01-19)
山西省玉米产业技术体系(YMZD202403)
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