猪圆环病毒致病机理及疫苗与中药防治研究进展

况文东 ,  谭海军 ,  周亮 ,  刘新生 ,  杨健 ,  王金昌 ,  陈俊晖 ,  闫成花

山西农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (06) : 30 -38.

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山西农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (06) : 30 -38. DOI: 10.26942/j.cnki.issn.1002-2481.2025.06.04
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猪圆环病毒致病机理及疫苗与中药防治研究进展

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Research Progress on Pathogenic Mechanisms,Vaccines,and Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Porcine Circovirus

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摘要

猪圆环病毒(PCV)感染会导致猪皮炎和肾病综合征以及断乳仔猪多系统衰竭综合征等。PCV可分为PCV1、PCV2、PCV3和PCV4共4种基因型,其中,危害最大的是PCV2和PCV3,PCV4为最新鉴定的一种基因型,也具有致病性。猪圆环病毒可侵害猪的免疫系统,导致淋巴细胞耗竭,同时抑制细胞产生干扰素,上调抑炎细胞因子IL-10的表达,诱导宿主免疫抑制状态,显著增加继发感染易感性,但其具体的致病机理尚不完全清楚。目前,对相关疾病尚无有效治疗药物,疫苗是主要的防控手段。只有PCV2具有商业化疫苗且不能预防PCV3、PCV4的发生,急需研发针对PCV不同基因型的商业化疫苗。此外,不同基因型PCV致病机理、组织病理变化及临床表现并不完全一致,阐明不同基因型PCV的致病机理对于疾病防治具有重要意义。中药因为来源广泛、绿色环保、效果显著、成本低廉等优点,广泛用于动物疫病防控,应用前景广阔。为了为PCV的科学防控提供理论依据,文章从PCV不同亚型的致病机理、疫苗应用与研发以及中药防治PCV所致疾病现状等方面进行概述,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。

Abstract

Porcine circovirus(PCV) infection can cause porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), as well as post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome(PMWS) in weaned piglets. PCV can be divided into four genotypes: PCV1, PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4. Among them, PCV2 and PCV3 are the most harmful viruses, while PCV4 is the latest identified genotype and also has pathogenicity. Porcine circovirus can invade the immune system of pigs resulting in lymphocyte depletion, inhibiting cell production of interferon and upregulating the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, induce host immune suppression, and significantly increase susceptibility to secondary infections, but its specific pathogenic mechanism is not fully understood. At present, there is no effective treatment for related diseases, and vaccines are the primary preventive and control measure. Only PCV2 has commercial vaccines and cannot prevent the occurrence of PCV3 and PCV4. There is an urgent need to develop commercial vaccines against different genotypes of PCV. In addition, the pathogenic mechanisms, histopathological changes, and clinical signs of PCV vary among different genotypes. Clarifying the pathogenic mechanisms of different genotypes of PCV is of great significance for disease prevention and treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine is widely used in animal disease prevention and control, and has broad application prospects due to its advantages of wide sources, green environmental protection, significant effects, and low cost. To provide a theoretical basis for the scientific prevention and control of PCV, in this article, an overview of the pathogenic mechanisms, vaccine development, and prevention/control effects of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for different subtypes of PCV was conducted, also, prospects for future research directions were offered.

关键词

猪圆环病毒 / 致病机理 / 病毒防控 / 疫苗 / 中药

Key words

porcine circovirus / pathogenic mechanism / virus prevention and control / vaccine / traditional Chinese medicine

引用本文

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况文东,谭海军,周亮,刘新生,杨健,王金昌,陈俊晖,闫成花. 猪圆环病毒致病机理及疫苗与中药防治研究进展[J]. 山西农业科学, 2025, 53(06): 30-38 DOI:10.26942/j.cnki.issn.1002-2481.2025.06.04

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猪圆环病毒(Porcine circovirus,PCV)是导致猪圆环病毒病(Porcine circovirus disease,PCVD)如断奶仔猪多系统衰弱综合征(PMWS)、猪皮炎肾病综合征(PDNS)、肠炎及繁殖障碍等的病原体。PCV是一种无囊膜、单链环状DNA病毒,分为PCV1、PCV2、PCV3和PCV4共4种基因型,基因组大小分别为1 758~1 760、1 767~1 777、1 999~2 001、1 770 nt。4种基因型PCV均显示出相似的基因组结构,在环状基因组中有2个主要的开放阅读框ORF1和ORF2朝向相反的方向。ORF1或Rep基因编码参与复制Rep蛋白,ORF2或Cap基因编码Cap蛋白,Cap蛋白是病毒粒子的唯一结构蛋白和主要的免疫原性抗原[1]。PCV2 ORF3蛋白可诱导细胞凋亡并参与病毒的致病作用[2],ORF4蛋白通过抑制caspase 3、caspase 8活性来抑制细胞凋亡,ORF4缺失的PCV2感染会导致CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞显著减少[3]。与PCV3 ORF1重叠的ORF3具体功能尚不清楚[4-5]。
PCV具有致病性的主要是PCV2、PCV3、PCV4基因型[6]。PCV2于1991年被发现,1998年首次被分离,在全球各大猪场流行,是导致PCVD的主要病原体。PCV2主要包含了PCV2a、PCV2b、PCV2c、PCV2d、PCV2e共5个亚型,其中,PCV2a、PCV2b、PCV2d为主要流行亚型[5],2012年以来,PCV2d是我国的主要流行毒株[7]。2016年,美国的研究人员收集了患病猪样品,通过宏基因组测序发现了与PCV2较为相似的新的猪圆环病毒,命名为PCV3。随后PCV3遍布全球各大猪场,给生猪养殖业造成严重影响,引起病毒研究者的广泛关注[8]。2019年,在我国湖南省患有呼吸道及消化道疾病的猪群中首次发现PCV4[9]。随着PCV基因型及基因亚型的不断发现,PCV在全球范围广泛流行,近年来,我国PCV感染率也居高不下,严重制约经济发展。PCV致病机制的复杂性、疫苗的局限性给疾病防控提出了新的挑战。探究PCV致病机理,开发有效防控策略,是目前应对PCVD的重中之重。本文章主要从不同基因型PCV致病机理、疫苗应用及中药防治等方面总结了相关研究进展,旨在为后续PCV感染的有效防控提供理论依据与参考。

1 PCV致病机理

1.1 PCV感染细胞及入胞机制

PCV2主要感染单核细胞,如巨噬细胞、树突状细胞,也感染其他血细胞、淋巴组织以及不同器官的内皮细胞和上皮细胞。PCV附着在易感细胞的表面,感染宿主的易感细胞是PCV引发疾病的第1步。研究发现,与野生型CHO细胞相比,缺乏硫酸乙酰肝素(Heparan sulfate,HS)或糖胺聚糖(Glycosaminoglycan,GAG)的突变CHO细胞的PCV2感染水平显著降低,表明GAG是PCV2受体。与硫酸软骨素B(Chondroitin sulfate-B,CS-B)相比,HS是一种主要的PCV2受体[10]。DHINDWAL等[11]进一步研究发现,PCV2衣壳蛋白与附着受体的结合位点应含有精氨酸、赖氨酸和极性氨基酸。PCV2感染的第2步是PCV颗粒的内化和内吞。PCV2结合硫酸肝素、硫酸软骨素等受体,通过网格蛋白介导的内吞作用进入单核细胞发生潜伏[12]。与单核细胞相反,在猪肾和睾丸上皮细胞中,PCV2主要通过肌动蛋白、网格蛋白、小窝蛋白非依赖性小GTP酶调节通路内化[13]。OUYANG等[14]研究发现,硫酸软骨素等不仅会影响PCV2衣壳的结合,而且在PCV2的内化中也起着重要作用,这表明它们是潜在的内化受体。内化后,PCV2通过内体-溶酶体途径运输,病毒衣壳在溶酶体中部分降解,病毒基因组从酸化的内体—细胞溶酶体中逃逸。

PCV3可感染巨噬细胞、不同器官的上皮细胞和内皮细胞[15]。研究发现,PCV3主要通过网格蛋白和动态蛋白2介导的内吞作用侵入PK-15细胞,病毒侵入细胞后与Rab5和Rab7共定位,在酸性环境下完成内吞运输及复制[16]。关于PCV3如何进入宿主细胞仍然未知,尚需进一步探究。

1.2 病毒复制及与宿主细胞的相互作用

PCV2感染引发内质网应激、自噬和氧化应激,所有这些过程都有利于PCV2复制[17]。在感染的过程中,PCV2会启动自身的复制和蛋白质表达,从而促进自身对靶细胞的侵袭。如PCV2感染细胞后,高迁移率族蛋白B1(High mobility group box-1 protein,HMGB1)可以与病毒基因组中的Ori区结合,抑制PCV2的复制。PCV2又可以通过激活PERK-ERO1α信号通路诱导活性氧(ROS)的产生,ROS可以将HMGB1转移出细胞核,从而促进自身复制[17-18]。PCV2通过Cap激活ERK/Ubc9/TRIM24信号通路,促进NPM1的K263位点被SUMO2/3修饰,从而增加其细胞核仁定位,促进PCV2的DNA复制[19]。氧化应激通过调控自噬抑制细胞凋亡来促进PCV2复制[20]。PCV2通过AMPK/ERK/TSC2/mTOR信号通路诱导PK-15细胞自噬[21]。此外,PCV2 ORF5蛋白可通过PERK-eIF2α-ATF4和mTOR-ERK1/2-AMPK诱导自噬,促进病毒复制[22]。

PCV2和PCV3均可引起自噬,其具体机制有所不同。PCV3 Cap蛋白通过抑制293T细胞中mTOR的磷酸化诱导自噬[5,23]。PCV3 Cap蛋白通过Caspase-9依赖途径诱导细胞凋亡,截断试验证明,调控凋亡的关键氨基酸位于Cap蛋白N端1~34 aa。此外,宿主hnRNP K蛋白可与PCV3 Cap蛋白相互作用调控细胞色素c释放,抑制细胞凋亡[24]。

1.3 免疫调控与免疫逃逸

PCV2进入细胞后会被模式识别受体(Pattern recognition receptor,PRR)识别,从而激活一系列宿主免疫和炎症反应。PCV2与免疫系统的相互作用是PCV致病的关键。病毒感染对宿主的免疫抑制作用有利于病毒复制。在感染早期,PCV2主要感染单核细胞如巨噬细胞、树突状细胞(Dendritic cell,DC)等,这些细胞不是病毒复制的主要场所,但有利于病毒传播到组织中。PCV2本身不会影响DC的分化、抗原加工和呈递,然而,它会阻碍DC对其他病原体的识别,增强病原体造成的组织损伤[14]。有研究发现,PCV2感染会减少cGAMP的产生,抑制其他DNA病毒诱导的I型干扰素信号传导,从而提高对其他DNA病毒感染的易感性[25-26]。在感染的后期,PCV2通过抑制细胞产生干扰素(Interferon,IFN),促进细胞产生IL-10,影响促炎细胞因子的表达和适应性免疫,引发严重的免疫抑制[27]。PCV2感染导致猪产生严重的免疫系统损害,淋巴细胞耗竭。PCV2还可以通过平衡细胞凋亡、控制细胞周期等来抵抗宿主的抗病毒反应,从而实现细胞内增殖和持续感染。PCV2还可以调控感染细胞产生细胞因子,间接影响免疫细胞的分化,从而干扰先天免疫和适应性免疫。如PCV2感染IPEC-J2猪肠上皮细胞,促进NF-κB的激活,增加转化生长因子(Transforming growth factor,TGF)-β的水平,通过细胞外信号调节激酶(Extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)磷酸化刺激CD4+ T细胞分化为Treg细胞。Treg细胞数量增加会导致宿主免疫系统受损,从而引发慢性感染[28]。

PCV3 Cap蛋白与PCV3诱导的免疫抑制及病毒复制有关。体外研究表明,PCV3 Cap蛋白通过与STAT2蛋白相互作用,抑制IFN-β诱导的ISRE启动子激活,阻碍IFN信号传导并影响宿主的先天免疫,帮助病毒逃逸[29]。ZHANG等[30]研究发现,PCV3 Cap蛋白可以抑制DNA诱导的IFN-β mRNA转录和启动子激活。Cap与GTP酶激活蛋白SH3结构域结合蛋白1(GAP SH3 domain-binding protein,G3BP1)相互作用,并抑制G3BP1与cGAMP合酶(Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase,cGAS)之间的相互作用,阻止cGAS识别DNA并抑制IFN的产生。有研究表明,PCV3感染猪肾上皮细胞系PK-15细胞和猪肺泡巨噬细胞系3D4/21细胞后,病毒可通过调节宿主DDX10的表达下调IFN-β水平和干扰素刺激基因(Interferon-stimulated gene,ISG)的表达[31]。由于PCV3分离株很难获得,严重限制了病毒致病机理的进一步深入研究。ZHANG等[32]成功拯救PCV3并感染剖宫产仔猪。PCV3感染后,Th2细胞减少导致体液免疫受损和抗体产生延迟,该研究为疫苗开发和猪病防控提供重要的理论基础。此外,PCV3感染可促进趋化因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IFN-γ、IL-6及CCL5的表达,抑制IFN-β的表达,也可促进抑炎因子IL-10的表达[6,33],这些促炎、抑炎因子的表达在PCV3调控宿主免疫系统过程中发挥重要作用。

1.4 组织病理变化与临床表现

PCV2在淋巴组织中的感染和复制会破坏淋巴结的结构,导致淋巴细胞耗竭。淋巴细胞耗竭是PCV2感染的一个显著特征,主要表现为循环系统和淋巴器官中淋巴细胞减少、凋亡。在感染PCV2的猪中,滤泡间DC、B细胞、NK细胞、γδT细胞、CD4+ T细胞和CD8+ T细胞的数量随着淋巴细胞的减少而减少。然而,与PCV2感染相关的淋巴滤泡破坏和淋巴细胞减少可导致猪的免疫抑制[34-35]。研究表明,PCV2感染后,病毒主要存在于猪的肺部、淋巴结、支气管、鼻粘膜、肾脏、扁桃体、脾脏、小肠中,肺部、淋巴结中的含量最高。PCV2在组织中大量复制,导致这些组织中淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞的浸润减少,猪的整体状况恶化[6]。HE等[3]研究发现,ORF4缺陷的PCV2(PCV2Δ)可导致感染小鼠的血清病毒载量增加,脾脏淋巴组织损伤比感染野生型PCV2(wPCV2)的小鼠更严重,PCV2Δ感染的PK-15细胞中caspase-3和caspase-8的活性显著高于wPCV2感染的细胞,表明ORF4蛋白在调控PCV2感染的细胞凋亡及淋巴组织损伤中起重要作用。LIU等[36]研究发现,PCV2感染后,CXCL13表达下调,淋巴细胞凋亡增加,表明CXCL13在抑制PCV2感染引起的淋巴细胞凋亡中起着重要作用。PCV2主要感染生长育肥猪。育肥猪感染后主要疾病为断奶仔猪多系统衰弱综合征(主要症状为:消瘦、呼吸窘迫、淋巴结病、腹泻、面色苍白和黄疸)、猪呼吸系统综合征(PRDC)、生殖系统疾病、肠道疾病、急性肺水肿等[37]。综上,虽然在PCV2的致病机制和宿主自然免疫方面取得了实质性的研究进展,但随着PCV2进化和突变株的出现,许多问题仍有待探究。

PCV3具有组织嗜性,能优先感染猪肺、脾脏、淋巴结等组织[38]。PCV3接种于28、56日龄的仔猪后,发现病毒可引发猪皮炎与肾病综合征(PDNS),淋巴结和肺中的病毒载量高于肝、脾、肾等器官[33]。ZHENG等[37]研究表明,PCV3感染后,仔猪出现胸腔、心包积液、心肌、肝细胞损伤以及慢性炎症、肾脏和肺部的轻微损伤。PCV3可感染所有年龄段猪只,仔猪感染率更高。仔猪表现出明显的症状,如体质量减轻、呼吸困难和腹泻等。PCV2和PCV3致病机理有许多相似之处,但是不完全一致。

PCV4通常与其他PCV、伪狂犬病病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)等一起引起混合感染,因此,其确切的发病机制难以阐明。

综上,PCV2是目前主要的流行亚型,致病机理相对比较明确,主要通过调控免疫细胞功能及凋亡等造成机体免疫抑制。随着PCV2突变及新的亚型出现,PCV2的病理机制需进一步探究。PCV3和PCV4是新发现的PCV亚型,逐渐在全球范围内流行,由于PCV3和PCV4的分离率较低,致病机制尚不完全清楚,仍需深入探究。

2 PCV疫苗应用与研究

2.1 商品化PCV2疫苗应用情况

疫苗是目前预防和控制猪圆环病毒相关疾病(Porcine circovirus associated disease,PCVAD)的主要措施。目前已有商品化的PCV2疫苗,PCV3和PCV4尚无商品化疫苗。市售的PCV2疫苗主要为传统的灭活疫苗和新型亚单位疫苗。2006年,法国成功研发了世界上第一种以轻质石蜡油为佐剂的PCV2疫苗Circovac®[39]。该疫苗有效地降低了病毒载量,延缓了病毒血症的发生,有效促进新生仔猪的生长。此外,研究发现,Circovac®对PCV2b和PCV2d具有交叉保护作用[40]。美国辉瑞动物健康公司通过将PCV2a的ORF2基因克隆到致病性PCV1的基因组中,生产了灭活PCV1-2a嵌合疫苗FosteraTMPCV,并用角鲨烷水中的磺酰环糊精作为佐剂[41],动物接种后很快产生了高水平的抗PCV中和抗体,显著降低了PCV2病毒浓度和病毒血症持续时间[42]。PCV2的主要结构蛋白Cap蛋白具有中和表位,可诱导保护性免疫反应,因此,国际市场上的亚单位疫苗Circoflex TM、Circumvent、Porchilis PCV®主要对编码Cap蛋白的ORF2基因进行设计,并利用杆状病毒表达系统进行表达。研究发现,3种上市的亚单位疫苗能引发更高水平的PCV2特异性中和抗体,有效防止PCV2病毒血症的发展[43],其中,Porcili PCV®可显著诱导细胞免疫[44]。与灭活疫苗相比,亚单位疫苗CircoflexTM、Porchilis PCV®显示出较低的组织病毒载量,较轻的组织病理学损伤,淋巴结中较少的PCV2抗原以及血清中较高的PCV2特异性中和抗体水平[42]。自2000年,我国暴发猪圆环病毒感染后,中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所研制出首个PCV2(LG株)灭活疫苗。随后,约有10种PCV2疫苗包括灭活疫苗、亚单位疫苗和载体疫苗在我国开发并投入应用。

2.2 PCV疫苗研究现状

由于病毒变异株的不断出现及人们对疫苗成本、研发周期、安全性及免疫效果的不断追求,科研工作者研发出许多新型疫苗(表1)。

从表1可以看出,MA等[45]设计出一种针对PRRSV和PCV2的亚单位疫苗,其特征是GP5B和GP35表位同时掺入PCV2衣壳蛋白Cap-DS,该重组衣壳蛋白可自行组装成病毒样颗粒(Virus-like particle,VLP)。在小鼠和仔猪模型中用Cap-DS免疫可诱导针对PRRSV和PCV2感染的有效保护。DENG等[46]筛选出了一种模拟PCV2-Cap的抗独特型纳米抗体Nb61,Nb61模拟PCV2 Cap的中和表位,在猪、小鼠中诱导中和抗体的产生,并保护其免受PCV2感染。CHEN等[47]、LIU等[48]将PCV2VLP与SpyTag003/SpyCatcher003系统相结合,构建了一个模块化的纳米抗原展示平台Cap-Cat VLPs。将其他猪病毒抗原展示在Cap-Cat VLPs上并证明其有效性。这种高效、便捷的“即插即用”抗原展示平台为混合感染的猪亚单位疫苗研发带来新的思路。植物表达系统本氏烟草瞬时表达系统可用于表达PCV2衣壳蛋白,用金属亲和层析方法对PCV2衣壳蛋白进行纯化,电子显微镜证实,纯化的rCap在中性pH下自组装成病毒样颗粒并在豚鼠中引起强烈的免疫应答[49]。PCV2的衣壳蛋白Cap与宿主蛋白gC1qR的互作抑制宿主天然免疫反应。DU等[50]通过构建不与gC1qR互作的PCV2突变毒株并比较其与野生毒株的免疫应答,发现突变毒株能更好地刺激机体产生记忆CD4+ T淋巴细胞,这些记忆CD4+ T淋巴细胞对于抗原的再次刺激具有更好的免疫应答。此外,该突变毒株与市售的PCV2灭活疫苗相比,免疫应答更持久。

然而,病毒易突变,且会导致宿主免疫抑制。PCV2疫苗对PCV2不同基因亚型交叉保护效果还不明确,且不能预防PCV3和PCV4。灭活疫苗具有安全、方便存储及运输等优点,但难以刺激细胞免疫,通常需要佐剂来增强其效果。亚单位疫苗分离纯化较为繁琐,价格昂贵。因此,越来越多的研究者致力于开发具有交叉保护且接种方便的新型疫苗,如嵌合疫苗、重组载体疫苗等。WU等[51]使用大肠杆菌、哺乳动物表达系统表达PCV3-Cap和PCV2中和表位的嵌合基因,将其组装成病毒样颗粒疫苗,该疫苗能够激活高水平的PCV3-PCV2特异性抗体,有效中和PCV3和PCV2,保护小鼠免受PCV感染,并有效预防肺损。WANG等[52]采用表达EGFP的重组病毒样囊泡(Recombinant virus-like vesicles,rVLVs)开发了一种表达PCV2d-Cap和PCV3-Cap蛋白的新型rVLVs疫苗,可显著激活C57小鼠的细胞、体液免疫,产生抗PCV2、PCV3衣壳蛋白的抗体。在Sf9细胞中双敲Caspase-1和Dronc基因后,病毒感染杆状病毒后抗凋亡活性增强。利用杆状病毒表达系统在双敲的Sf9细胞系中表达PCV3衣壳蛋白,蛋白表达水平显著提高[53]。YAO等[54]使用伪狂犬病毒PRV变异株HNX作为亲本病毒构建了TK/gE基因缺失和PCV3衣壳蛋白基因共表达的重组PRV,可以有效激活保护性免疫并产生针对PRV和PCV3的特异性抗体。该重组病毒是1种有前景的针对PRV和PCV3的候选疫苗。有研究利用TK/gE基因缺失的伪狂犬病毒PRV为载体构建了表达PCV2 Cap蛋白、PCV3 Cap蛋白和细胞因子IL-4的伪狂犬病病毒重组疫苗,在小鼠和仔猪模型中表现出良好的安全性和免疫原性,提供针对PCV2、PCV3和PRV感染的保护性免疫。此外,研究还证实了IL-4作为疫苗佐剂可以有效增强体液免疫反应,提高疫苗保护效力,并为开发有效的圆环病毒病二价重组疫苗提供依据[55-56]。

3 中药防治PCV所致疾病现状

由于PCV容易导致宿主免疫抑制,疫苗免疫效果不够理想,且新的流行毒株PCV3和PCV4尚无商业化疫苗,因此,筛选能够防治猪圆环病毒相关疾病的药物较为关键。我国中药资源丰富,分布广泛,且中药在防治疫病方面具有价廉、安全、易获取、绿色无污染等优势,越来越多的研究聚焦于中药抗PCV感染的作用机制。

中药可以抑制病毒感染细胞,研究发现,表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯[61]和硫酸化壳聚糖[62]可以抑制PCV2附着在宿主细胞受体上,可以作为PCV抗感染剂。中药可以增强疫苗免疫效果,山药多糖与PCV2疫苗一起免疫小鼠,显著促进CD4+ T细胞活化以及生发中心B细胞活化,同时诱导细胞免疫和体液免疫[63]。PCV2灭活疫苗注射前后分别灌喂野黄芩苷、苦参碱和黄芪多糖溶液,均可以提高PCV2抗体水平、特异性免疫球蛋白IgG含量、外周血CD3+含量、CD4+/CD8+值、血清IL-2、IFN-γ含量,其中,野黄芩苷中剂量组效果最佳,表明中药可以增强PCV2疫苗的免疫效果。此外,针对传统疫苗的副作用明显、细胞免疫和体液免疫反应不足等问题,越来越多的研究采用脂质体或纳米材料包裹中药多糖作为PCV2疫苗的免疫佐剂,显著降低不良反应,提高疫苗免疫效果[64-66]。中药可以调节机体炎症反应,缓解病症。研究发现,蓼黄酮类化合物乙酸乙酯具有抗炎活性,通过抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路的激活,减少p65核转移,显著抑制ROS产生,并下调TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-8水平,可作为治疗PCV2感染引起的炎症的候选药物[67]。WU等[68]研究发现,中药牛蒡提取物牛蒡苷元(ACT)抑制PCV2感染的PK-15细胞及小鼠肺组织中p65从细胞质向细胞核的易位和IκBα磷酸化,从而抑制NF-κB信号通路的激活,减少促炎细胞因子的产生,可开发为治疗PCV相关疾病的药物。TLR3、4/NF-κB/TNF-α通路在抵抗PRRSV/PCV2共感染中起重要作用,研究表明,中药苦参碱显著下调TLR3、TLR4、TNF-α的表达,在体外具有抗PRRSV/PCV2共感染的活性[69]。苦参碱可以调节小鼠肠道中嗜酸乳杆菌的丰度,降低IL-1β mRNA的相对表达,从而抑制PCV2诱导的炎症反应,发挥抗PCV2作用[70]。中药板蓝根[71]、黄芪[72-73]等可以增强猪的免疫力,延缓疾病发病时间,减轻病毒感染造成的病理损伤,提高猪生存率。

综上,中药具有多靶点、多功能的抗病毒机制,可为猪圆环病毒的防治提供新思路。

4 展望

PCVD主要由PCV2和PCV3感染引起,给全球养猪业造成了巨大的经济损失,因此,预防及控制PCV感染是关键。了解病毒的致病机理是有效防控PCV感染的基础,PCV2主要通过免疫抑制导致淋巴耗竭,损伤宿主的细胞组织,并导致其他病原体的继发感染等。由于PCV3和PCV4发现较晚,且容易与其他病原体一起引起合并感染,因此,致病机制的研究尚处于起步阶段,有待深入挖掘。疫苗是目前预防PCV最有效的措施,但鉴于PCV易突变且易引起合并感染等特点,现有疫苗无法提供长期有效的保护,给PCV的防控带来新的挑战。如何结合基因工程技术,研发具有交叉保护作用且效果持久的新型疫苗是疫苗领域的热点问题。中药作为我国的宝贵财富,近年来在疫病防控方面展现出独特的优势,但中药成分复杂,抗病毒感染机制尚不明确,且临床探究相对较少。深入探究中药有效成分的作用机制、加强疗效的临床验证,可为开发中兽药奠定基础。文章主要从PCV致病机理、疫苗及中药防控等几个方面总结了相关研究进展,可为有效控制PCV感染提供新思路。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金地区科学基金(32560678)

国家自然科学基金地区科学基金(32560190)

江西省自然科学基金面上项目(20224BAB205004)

江西省自然科学基金青年项目(20232BAB215007)

江西省科学院包干制试点示范项目重点研发重点项目(2022YSBG21006)

江西省科学院基础项目(2022YJC2007)

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