灵芝多糖的结构特征与免疫调节机制研究进展

冯翠萍 ,  荣伟雅 ,  魏欣 ,  蒋逸鸣 ,  常明昌 ,  曹谨玲 ,  云少君 ,  程菲儿 ,  赵文霏 ,  李永 ,  赵莉

山西农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (02) : 1 -10.

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山西农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (02) : 1 -10. DOI: 10.26942/j.cnki.issn.1002-2481.2026.02.01
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灵芝多糖的结构特征与免疫调节机制研究进展

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Research Advances in the Structure Feature and Immunomodulatory Mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides

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摘要

灵芝作为一种传统的食药用真菌,其主要活性成分灵芝多糖(GLPs)在免疫调节领域受到广泛关注。GLPs的分子质量分布、支链度、构象特征及空间构型与其原料来源、提取分离工艺及纯化方式密切相关,并直接影响其生物活性。β-葡聚糖是GLPs中最常见的结构骨架,其可通过不同的糖残基支链连接形成多种空间构型,进而影响GLPs的免疫调节功能。GLPs通过调节固有免疫和适应性免疫发挥广泛作用,其可通过与模式识别受体(如TLR4、Dectin-1等)结合,激活NF-κB、MAPK、PI3K/Akt等关键信号通路,进而增强巨噬细胞吞噬功能,促进树突状细胞成熟,提高NK细胞的细胞毒活性,调节T、B淋巴细胞增殖与分化,并有效调控细胞因子、趋化因子、免疫球蛋白、补体等免疫分子的分泌。此外,GLPs还可通过调节肠道菌群组成及其代谢产物,影响宿主的“肠道菌群—免疫轴”,从而间接调控机体免疫反应。这种多途径、多靶点的免疫调节特性,使其持续成为研究热点。文章系统综述了GLPs的来源、结构与分子特征,重点探讨了其免疫调节作用机制,并对其在免疫调节方面未来的研究方向进行了展望。

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum is a traditional edible and medicinal fungus, and its polysaccharides(Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides, GLPs), as the main active components, have drawn extensive attention in the field of immune regulation. The molecular weight distribution, degree of branching, conformational characteristics, and spatial configuration of GLPs are closely related to the source of raw materials, extraction and separation processes, and purification methods, and directly affect their biological activities. β-glucan is the most common structural backbone in GLPs. It can form various spatial configurations through side-chain linkages of different sugar residues, thereby influencing the immunomodulatory function of GLPs. GLPs can exert extensive effects by regulating both innate and adaptive immunity. They can bind to pattern recognition receptors(e.g., TLR4 and Dectin-1) and activate key signaling pathways(e.g., NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways), thereby enhancing the phagocytic function of macrophages, promoting the maturation of dendritic cells, increasing the cytotoxic activity of NK cells, regulating the proliferation and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, and effectively modulating the secretion of immune molecules, including cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins, and complement components. In addition, GLPs can also modulate the composition of the intestinal microbiota and its metabolic products, influence the “gut microbiota-immune axis”, and thereby indirectly regulate the body's immune response. This multi-pathway and multi-target immune regulation characteristic has consistently made it a research hotspot. Therefore, in this article, the sources, structures, and molecular characteristics of GLPs were systematically reviewed, focusing on discussing their immune regulation mechanism, and the future research directions in the field of immune regulation were prospected.

Graphical abstract

关键词

灵芝 / 灵芝多糖 / β-葡聚糖 / 结构 / 免疫调节

Key words

Ganoderma lucidum / Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides / β-glucan / structure / immunoregulation

引用本文

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冯翠萍,荣伟雅,魏欣,蒋逸鸣,常明昌,曹谨玲,云少君,程菲儿,赵文霏,李永,赵莉. 灵芝多糖的结构特征与免疫调节机制研究进展[J]. 山西农业科学, 2026, 54(02): 1-10 DOI:10.26942/j.cnki.issn.1002-2481.2026.02.01

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灵芝为多孔菌科真菌赤芝(Ganoderma lucidum)和紫芝(Ganoderma sinense)的干燥子实体,是我国传统药食同源真菌之一,素有“仙草”之美誉。自古至今,灵芝在中医理论中被视为“扶正固本”的上品,其“补气安神、止咳平喘、延年益寿”的功效记载于《神农本草经》《本草纲目》等多部经典医籍。现代科学研究揭示,灵芝已鉴定出超过400种的活性成分,构成了一个复杂的天然化学库,其中,多糖、三萜类和免疫调节蛋白被认为是其发挥生物活性的核心功能成分[1-2]
现代药理学研究表明,灵芝具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化等多种生物活性。其中,免疫调节作用与其多糖成分密切相关。灵芝多糖(Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides,GLPs)是灵芝中研究最早、最深入的免疫活性成分,也是其最重要的生物活性成分之一[3]。GLPs因其来源、提取及纯化方法的不同,具有多样化的结构及免疫调节特性。随着色谱分离、核磁共振等分析技术的应用,不同来源GLPs的单糖组成、糖苷键类型及分子质量特征逐步得到解析,为其结构—功能关系研究奠定了基础[4]。此外,GLPs具有增强机体固有性与适应性免疫反应的作用,其可调节免疫细胞活性及细胞因子分泌,在肿瘤辅助干预、炎症调控和感染防御等方面表现出良好的生物学效应[5]
近年来,免疫学研究表明,GLPs并非通过单一靶点发挥作用,而是可与多种模式识别受体相互作用,激活多条免疫相关信号通路,从而实现对固有免疫和适应性免疫的协同调控[6]。同时,GLPs作为功能多糖,还可通过调节肠道菌群结构及其代谢产物间接影响免疫功能[7]。因此,系统梳理GLPs的结构特征及其复杂的免疫调节作用机制,对于其进一步开发及利用至关重要。

1 GLPs来源与结构

GLPs的结构因其来源与提取纯化方法等的不同,在单糖组成、糖苷键类型、空间构象以及分子质量分布方面存在一定差异(表1)。不同结构类型的多糖在免疫调节中的作用机制存在差异[8]

1.1 GLPs来源

GLPs主要来源于灵芝子实体、菌丝体和发酵液,不同来源的多糖具有不同的结构特性。

1.1.1 子实体

灵芝子实体经人工栽培或野生生长成熟后,通过热水提取、乙醇沉淀等方法可获得多糖粗提物,再经柱层析等纯化步骤得到高纯度多糖[19]。子实体来源的GLPs结构更复杂,分子质量跨度大,活性成分含量较高,但栽培周期长,受温度、湿度、培养基等环境因素影响较大,生产成本较高[20]

1.1.2 菌丝体

目前,工业化生产GLPs的主要方式是通过液体深层发酵灵芝菌丝体。发酵过程可精确控制温度、pH值、溶氧等条件,培养周期短,多糖产量高,且质量稳定,易于规模化生产。菌丝体来源的GLPs在单糖组成和糖苷键类型上与子实体多糖相似,但部分组分的分子质量略低,免疫活性与子实体多糖相当甚至更优[21]

1.1.3 发酵液

灵芝液体发酵过程中,部分多糖会分泌到发酵液中,发酵液经离心、浓缩、纯化后可获得胞外多糖[22]。胞外多糖的结构与胞内多糖(子实体、菌丝体中的多糖)存在差异,通常含有更多的酸性基团[23],分子质量相对较小,但其免疫调节、抗氧化等活性同样显著。此外,灵芝的品种、生长阶段、提取工艺等也会影响多糖的结构和产量,如赤芝的多糖含量普遍高于紫芝[24],子实体成熟后期的多糖含量高于生长期[25]

1.2 GLPs结构与分子特征

1.2.1 结构特征

β-葡聚糖是GLPs发挥免疫活性的关键结构基础。GLPs核心骨架以β-(1→3)-D-葡聚糖为主,这种连接方式能够形成稳定的三螺旋构象,是被免疫系统识别的关键结构单元[26]。研究表明,Dectin-1、TLR4等模式识别受体对β-(1→3)-葡聚糖具有高度亲和性,是激活巨噬细胞、树突状细胞等免疫细胞的核心[27]。β-葡聚糖的侧链多为β-(1→6)-D-葡萄糖残基,部分侧链还会连接其他单糖,如半乳糖、甘露糖等[28]。β-葡聚糖的分支度对其免疫活性具有重要影响,分支越丰富,空间构象越松散,越容易被免疫细胞识别[29];而分支较少的线性结构则可能导致活性降低[30]。三螺旋构象是β-葡聚糖发挥免疫活性的关键,但在高温、强酸、强碱等条件下容易被破坏,导致活性显著降低。因此,提取与加工过程中保持三螺旋结构的完整性至关重要[31]

半乳聚糖是近年来受到关注的重要结构类型。半乳聚糖通常以α-(1→6)-D-半乳糖为主链,部分结构具有乙酰化修饰,并带有岩藻糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖等多种末端残基,呈现高度复杂的分支结构[32]。WU等[32]从灵芝中成功分离鉴定出1种新型的乙酰化半乳聚糖(G. lucidum polysaccharide 1b,GLP-1b)(分子质量为16.79 ku),该多糖具有独特的α-(1→6)连接半乳糖主链骨架,在C-2和C-3位点存在特异性乙酰化修饰,并带有包含T-α-L-Fuc-(4-OAc)、T-α-D-Man和T-α-D-Glc等末端残基的复杂分支结构。与传统β-葡聚糖不同,半乳聚糖的免疫调节作用并不依赖β-(1→3)结构,这表明灵芝多糖的免疫活性具有多结构来源。已有研究表明,半乳聚糖的免疫活性取决于其分支的类型和程度。多分支结构是多糖被宿主补体系统识别的位点,也是激活巨噬细胞的关键结构域。例如,以α-(1→6)-半乳糖为主链的LFP-80-W1在O-3位具有较高比例的支链(含不同类型的Araf/Galp支链),其能显著促进巨噬细胞增殖并提高NO、IL-6、TNF-α分泌[33]。部分半乳聚糖在调节肠道菌群、改善炎症反应方面表现出独特优势,提示其在功能食品开发中具有潜在价值[5]

灵芝中还含有大量杂多糖和糖肽,其结构复杂、组成多样。杂多糖通常由葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、阿拉伯糖、岩藻糖等多种单糖组成,糖苷键类型多样,包括β-(1→3)、β-(1→4)、β-(1→6)、α-(1→6)等[19]。糖肽则由多糖链与蛋白肽段共价结合而成,具有较强的水溶性和较高的结构稳定性[34]。杂多糖与糖肽常表现出抗氧化、抗炎、免疫调节等多重活性,其多靶点特征可能与其结构异质性密切相关[35]

1.2.2 单糖组成和糖苷键

GLPs的单糖组成和糖苷键类型是决定其结构特征和生物活性的关键因素。不同来源、提取方法以及不同菌株的GLPs在单糖组成上存在显著差异,常见单糖包括葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、岩藻糖以及葡萄糖醛酸等[36]。其中,葡萄糖含量通常最高,是β-葡聚糖的主要来源。糖苷键类型直接影响多糖的空间结构和免疫识别能力,例如,β-(1→3)连接能够形成三螺旋结构,是免疫活性最强的连接方式;β-(1→6)连接形成侧链,影响分支度;β-(1→4)连接常见于杂多糖;α-(1→6)连接常见于半乳聚糖;α-(1→4)连接则常见于胞内多糖[3237]。糖苷键的多样性使灵芝多糖呈现高度结构异质性,也为其多靶点免疫调节奠定基础。

1.3 GLPs分子质量

灵芝多糖的分子质量范围广泛,通常在1~1 000 ku之间。分子质量大小不仅影响其溶解性、黏度和构象,也影响其免疫调节强度和体内吸收效率[38]。一般而言,高分子质量多糖构象稳定,更易激活巨噬细胞、树突状细胞等免疫细胞,免疫刺激作用较强[39]。分子质量分级试验表明,巨噬细胞“启动效应”随β-葡聚糖分子质量升高而增强。与低分子多糖相比,高分子质量多糖在胞内酸性磷酸酶活性及佛波酯诱导的超氧阴离子释放方面均表现更优,凸显了其在增强吞噬杀菌功能方面的优势。进一步研究发现,支链度可特异性调控免疫终点,在高分子质量基础上增加β-(1,6)支链比例(>20%),虽能提升脂多糖刺激下的NO₂⁻水平,却降低酸性磷酸酶活性,提示分子质量与支链度对不同免疫功能指标的影响具有终点特异性[40]。与之相对,中低分子质量多糖更易吸收,更适合口服功能食品,在肠道菌群调节方面表现更突出[41]。因此,分子质量大小决定了GLPs的作用模式,高分子质量偏向免疫激活,中低分子质量偏向系统性免疫调节[42]。影响GLPs分子质量的主要因素包括菌株差异、生长阶段[37]以及提取方法。不同灵芝品种的多糖结构差异显著,成熟期多糖分子质量通常最高,而热水提取、碱提、酶法、超声辅助提取、微波辅助提取及深共熔溶剂提取等不同提取方式也会导致分子质量的显著差异。

2 GLPs的免疫调节作用机制

免疫系统是机体抵御外界病原侵袭、维持内环境稳态的重要防御网络。GLPs作为典型的真菌来源功能多糖,其免疫调节作用具有靶点多样、层级丰富及调控网络复杂等特点。大量体内外研究表明,GLPs并非通过单一通路发挥作用,而是通过调节免疫细胞、免疫分子、免疫信号通路以及肠道菌群—免疫轴等多个层面,协同实现对机体免疫功能的整体调控(图1)。GLPs对免疫细胞、免疫分子、免疫信号通路及肠道菌群的调节作用、关键作用机制及产生的生物学效应见表2

2.1 调控免疫细胞的功能

免疫细胞是机体免疫应答的核心,包括巨噬细胞、T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)等,GLPs可直接或间接作用于这些细胞,增强其活性。

2.1.1 巨噬细胞

巨噬细胞是固有免疫系统中的核心效应细胞,负责吞噬病原体、清除凋亡细胞并分泌多种免疫调节因子[56]。GLPs可显著增强巨噬细胞的吞噬活性,提高一氧化氮和活性氧的生成能力,同时上调多种促炎及免疫调节相关细胞因子的表达水平,如肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)等[57]。GLPs通过激活巨噬细胞的功能,增强机体对病原体的防御能力。这些效应在不同的免疫环境下具有重要的生物学意义,尤其是在感染和炎症反应中发挥着重要作用。

2.1.2 树突状细胞

除巨噬细胞外,GLPs对树突状细胞的成熟和功能也具有显著影响。树突状细胞作为连接固有免疫与适应性免疫的关键桥梁,其成熟程度直接决定抗原递呈效率。研究表明,GLPs处理可诱导树突状细胞表面共刺激分子和主要组织相容性复合体分子的表达上调,促进树突状细胞的成熟,增强其抗原递呈能力,从而为后续T细胞活化奠定基础[44]

2.1.3 自然杀伤细胞

GLPs不仅能提高NK细胞的细胞毒活性,还能促进NK细胞分泌干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、TNF-α等细胞因子,协同发挥免疫调节作用[47]。研究表明,GLPs可显著提高免疫低下小鼠的NK细胞杀伤率,对肿瘤患者的NK细胞活性也有明显增强效果[58]

2.1.4 T淋巴细胞

T淋巴细胞是适应性免疫的核心细胞,分为辅助性T细胞(Th)、细胞毒性T细胞(Tc)、调节性T细胞(Treg)等亚群,其平衡活化是维持免疫稳态的关键。GLPs对T淋巴细胞的调控主要体现在以下4个方面:促进T细胞增殖,刺激淋巴细胞增殖,增加T细胞总数,增强免疫应答强度;调节T细胞亚群平衡,促进Th1细胞分化,抑制Th2细胞过度活化,纠正“Th1/Th2失衡”(如过敏、自身免疫病中常见的免疫紊乱)[59];增强Tc细胞的细胞毒性,提高其对肿瘤细胞、感染细胞的杀伤能力;增强T细胞活性,提高T细胞表面CD4+、CD8+分子的表达,促进白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、IFN-γ等细胞因子的分泌,进一步强化免疫[45]。GLPs还可通过增强抗原递呈细胞功能,间接促进T细胞活化和增殖。在T细胞亚群调控方面,GLPs倾向于促进Th1型免疫应答,提高细胞免疫功能,同时在某些免疫失衡状态下对Th1/Th2比例具有调节作用,有助于维持免疫稳态。

2.1.5 B淋巴细胞

B淋巴细胞主要负责产生抗体,参与体液免疫。GLPs可促进B淋巴细胞增殖分化为浆细胞,增加免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA的分泌量,提高机体体液免疫水平,增强对病原体的特异性免疫应答[46]。同时,GLPs还可调节B细胞的活化阈值,避免过度活化导致自身抗体产生,维持免疫稳态[60]。这一特性为其在免疫力低下人群和功能食品中的应用提供了理论基础。

2.2 调节免疫分子的表达与分泌

免疫分子包括细胞因子、趋化因子、免疫球蛋白、补体等,GLPs可通过调控这些分子的表达,参与免疫网络的调节。

2.2.1 细胞因子

细胞因子是免疫调节的核心信号分子,GLPs可通过激活免疫细胞,促进多种细胞因子的分泌,形成级联放大效应,其中,促炎细胞因子IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α等,可激活免疫细胞、诱导炎症反应,增强机体抗感染和抗肿瘤能力;免疫调节细胞因子IL-2可促进T细胞、NK细胞增殖活化[61],而IFN-γ可增强巨噬细胞、Tc细胞的杀伤活性,同时抑制Th2细胞分化,调节免疫平衡。GLPs可在免疫过度活化时诱导IL-10、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)等,抑制炎症反应过度发生,避免组织损伤[48]

2.2.2 补体系统

补体是存在于血清中的一组蛋白质,可通过激活经典途径、旁路途径、甘露聚糖结合凝集素途径参与免疫防御和免疫调节。GLPs可激活补体旁路途径,促进补体C3、C5的活化,产生补体片段(如C3a、C5a),这些片段具有趋化免疫细胞、增强吞噬作用、介导炎症反应等功能,进一步强化机体免疫应答[49]

2.2.3 免疫球蛋白

GLPs可促进B细胞分化为浆细胞,增加IgG、IgM等抗体的分泌,提高机体对病原体的特异性识别和清除能力,同时可增强抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒作用,协同NK细胞、巨噬细胞杀伤靶细胞[50]

2.3 激活免疫相关信号通路

灵芝多糖的免疫调节效应在很大程度上依赖于其对多条细胞内信号转导通路的综合调控。目前,研究认为,NF-κB、MAPK、Janus激酶/信号转导子和转录激活子(JAK/STAT)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)以及NOD样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎症小体信号通路是GLPs发挥免疫调节作用的关键信号网络[62]。这些通路既可独立发挥作用,又可通过信号交叉(Crosstalk)共同调控免疫细胞功能。

2.3.1 NF-κB信号通路

NF-κB是调控免疫炎症反应的关键转录因子,正常状态下以无活性形式存在于细胞质中[63]。GLPs通过与TLR4、Dectin-1等模式识别受体结合,可激活IκB降解和NF-κB核转位[43]。通过这种方式,NF-κB能够上调多种细胞因子和共刺激分子的表达,增强免疫细胞的活性。在免疫应答过程中,NF-κB的激活有助于免疫细胞功能的发挥,尤其是巨噬细胞和树突状细胞的活化[64]。然而,在病理性炎症状态下,GLPs又可抑制NF-κB的过度激活,降低炎症因子过量释放,体现出其免疫调节的双向性特征[65]

2.3.2 MAPK信号通路

MAPK通路包括 ERK、JNK和p38等分支,是连接膜受体刺激与细胞功能变化的重要枢纽[63]。研究表明,GLPs可通过激活MAPK通路增强巨噬细胞和树突状细胞的活化与功能,同时在炎症模型中通过调节JNK和p38的激活水平,减轻免疫相关组织损伤[51]

2.3.3 JAK/STAT信号通路

近年来,研究发现,GLPs在调控细胞因子介导的信号转导过程中与JAK/STAT通路密切相关[66]。JAK/STAT通路是细胞因子信号传导的重要途径,GLPs诱导免疫细胞分泌IL-2、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)等细胞因子,可与靶细胞表面受体结合,激活JAK激酶并进一步磷酸化STAT蛋白。磷酸化的STAT可形成二聚体进入细胞核,进而调控免疫细胞增殖、分化及功能维持相关基因的转录,从而维持免疫细胞的活化状态并增强免疫效应[53]

2.3.4 PI3K/Akt信号通路

PI3K/Akt信号通路在细胞增殖、存活和代谢调控中发挥重要作用[58]。研究表明,GLPs可激活PI3K/Akt通路,促进免疫细胞增殖和存活,同时增强巨噬细胞吞噬能力和自然杀伤细胞的细胞毒活性[54]。该通路与MAPK和NF-κB信号通路之间存在显著的交叉调控,共同构成GLPs介导免疫调节的关键信号网络。

2.3.5 NLRP3炎症小体

近年来,NLRP3炎症小体在GLPs免疫调节研究中逐渐受到关注。NLRP3炎症小体异常激活可引发IL-1β和IL-18的大量释放,导致慢性炎症反应。研究发现,GLPs可通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体的激活及其下游信号转导,在结肠炎、神经炎症等模型中发挥抗炎和免疫保护作用,从而有助于维持机体免疫稳态[67]

2.4 调节肠道菌群平衡,间接影响免疫功能

肠道是机体最大的免疫器官,肠道菌群与宿主免疫系统存在密切的相互作用,GLPs作为一种膳食纤维,可通过调节肠道菌群结构,间接发挥免疫调节作用。

2.4.1 促进有益菌增殖

GLPs可作为肠道有益菌(如双歧杆菌、乳酸菌)的碳源,促进其生长繁殖,提高有益菌在肠道菌群中的比例[68]。WU等[32]通过16S rRNA测序和代谢组学分析发现,GLP-1b能显著富集乳酸杆菌等有益菌群,并调节与免疫相关的胆汁酸代谢、磷脂生物合成、三羧酸循环等关键代谢途径,代谢恢复指数达到60.4%。

2.4.2 抑制有害菌生长

GLPs可减少肠道内致病菌(如大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌)的数量,降低有害菌代谢产物(如内毒素)对肠道黏膜的损伤[55]

2.4.3 维护肠道黏膜屏障

肠道有益菌可产生短链脂肪酸(如乙酸、丙酸、丁酸),GLPs与短链脂肪酸共同作用,可增强肠道黏膜的完整性,减少肠道通透性增加导致的“肠漏”,避免未被完全消化的食物大分子或病原体进入血液引发免疫紊乱[69]

2.4.4 调控肠道免疫

肠道黏膜上分布着大量的免疫细胞,包括肠上皮内淋巴细胞、固有层淋巴细胞等。肠道菌群平衡的维持可促进肠道免疫细胞的正常发育和功能发挥,进而调节全身免疫应答[70]

3 总结与展望

作为灵芝中最重要的功能性活性成分之一,GLPs具有显著的结构多样性,不同来源、分子质量及糖苷键构型的多糖在免疫调节效应上存在一定差异。其中,以β-D-葡聚糖为核心骨架且具有适度分支结构的GLPs,在免疫激活和免疫稳态调控中表现出较强的生物活性,而分子质量及构象特征则是影响其免疫效应强度和作用模式的重要结构基础。在作用机制层面,GLPs并非通过单一靶点发挥免疫调节作用,而是通过多受体识别、多信号通路协同以及多免疫细胞及分子参与,形成复杂而精细的免疫调控网络。此外,GLPs还可通过调节肠道菌群结构及其代谢产物,间接影响宿主的“肠道菌群—免疫轴”,进而发挥广泛的免疫调节作用。

尽管GLPs免疫调节研究已取得显著进展,但其在免疫调节中的构效关系及其调节机制仍需深入解析。未来研究可聚焦于系统解析GLPs的精细结构特征及其与免疫调节功能之间的内在联系,同时充分借助单细胞测序等前沿技术,在单细胞分辨率下系统描绘GLPs干预后免疫微环境的细胞图谱。在此基础上,深入解析不同免疫细胞亚群在转录层面的异质性响应特征,揭示其关键的细胞亚群及亚群间的互作网络,从而为阐明GLPs的精准免疫调节机制提供新的视角,也为GLPs的深度开发利用奠定更坚实的理论基础。

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基金资助

山西省现代农业产业技术体系建设项目(2024CYJSTX09-02)

山西省科技重大专项计划“揭榜挂帅”项目(202301140601015)

山西省科技成果转化引导专项(202304021301055)

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