To screen regional low-carbon and economical sowing densities, in this study, a single-factor randomized block experiment was conducted at the Wenxi Experimental Base of Shanxi Agricultural University from 2019 to 2021, using the winter wheat cultivar Yunhan 618 as the test material. Three sowing density treatments were set: 150(R150), 180(R180), and 210(R210) kg/ha. The effects of sowing density on soil respiration, soil carbon emission, carbon emission efficiency, soil organic carbon storage, and production economic benefits were investigated. The results showed that the soil respiration rate showed an upward trend with the growth period, reaching the peak at the anthesis stage. The soil respiration rates at the anthesis stage in R150, R180, and R210 were 5.27, 5.59, and 5.73 μmol/(m²·s), respectively, significantly higher than those at overwintering stage, jointing stage, and maturity stage. The soil respiration rate significantly increased with increasing sowing density, The soil respiration rate in R210 during the whole growth period increased by 14.5% compared with R150. With increasing sowing density, soil carbon emission significantly increased, R210 significantly increased soil carbon emissions by 13.85% and reduced carbon emission efficiency by 6.36% compared with R150, exhibiting the characteristics of "high emission and low efficiency". Soil organic carbon storage in the 0-40 cm soil layer showed a slight downward trend with increasing sowing density. The net carbon balance of all the treatments was negative, with the lowest deficit(-5 138.1 kg/ha) observed in R180. Economic benefits showed a decreasing trend with increasing sowing density; R180 achieved the highest net output value of 5 448.06 yuan/ha with a relatively stable input-output ratio. Considering both ecological and economic benefits comprehensively, the sowing density of 180 kg/ha was recommended as the suitable density for low-carbon and high-efficiency cultivation of winter wheat in dryland areas of southern Shanxi. This density could reduce carbon emissions and mitigate soil carbon pool depletion while ensuring grain yield.
根系自养呼吸速率与土壤呼吸速率呈现出相同的趋势(图4)。2019—2020年,土壤呼吸速率随生育进程推进呈现逐渐降低的趋势。花后各个时期的根系自养呼吸速率均随播种密度的增大而升高,R150处理根系自养呼吸速率均最小,R210处理根系自养呼吸速率均最大。花后5、10、25 d R210处理根系自养呼吸速率均显著高于R150处理(P<0.05)。2020—2021年,根系自养呼吸速率随生育进程推进呈现先升高后降低的趋势,花后10 d达到峰值,花后各个时期的根系自养呼吸速率仍随播种密度的增大而升高。各生育时期,R150处理根系自养呼吸速率均最小,R210处理根系自养呼吸速率均最大,且R210处理土壤呼吸速率均显著高于R150处理(P<0.05)。
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