To clarify the effects of maize straw returning on the communities of aboveground arthropods and surface soil animals in winter wheat fields, and wheat yield, in this study, a split-plot field experiment was conducted in the main double-cropping(wheat-maize) region of Shanxi province. The main plots were assigned to two tillage methods: deep plowing at 30 cm and rotary tillage at 15 cm. The subplots included three straw treatments: no straw returning, coarse straw returning, and fine straw returning. Aboveground arthropods and surface soil animals in the winter wheat field were investigated using the yellow sticky trap method and pitfall trap method,respectively. The community composition, diversity of animals, and wheat yield were systematically surveyed and analyzed. The results showed that for aboveground arthropods, a total of 2 classes, 8 orders, and 26 families were identified. The dominant pest groups were Agromyzidae, Aphididae, and Phlaeothripidae, the dominant non-pest groups were Trichogrammatidae and Eulophidae. Diversity analysis showed that the abundance and Pielou evenness indexes under fine straw returning were significantly higher than those under no straw returning and coarse straw returning. Regarding the spatial distribution characteristics of straw, the turnover proportion under no straw returning and fine straw returning was higher under rotary tillage than that under deep plowing, whereas the nestedness proportion was higher under deep plowing than that under rotary tillage. For surface soil animals, 6 classes, 11 orders, and 13 families were identified. The dominant groups were Carabidae, Tenebrionidae,and Lumbricidae. Among them, Tenebrionidae was a pest group, while Lumbricidae and Carabidae were non-pest groups. Consistent with aboveground arthropods, the turnover proportion under no straw returning and fine straw returning was higher under rotary tillage than that under deep plowing, and the nestedness proportion was higher under deep plowing than that under rotary tillage. Yield results showed that compared with no straw returning, the fine straw returning plus deep plowing treatment significantly increased wheat yield by 17.7%, and the coarse straw returning plus rotary tillage treatment significantly increased yield by 15.2%. In summary, the model of fine maize straw returning combined with deep plowing significantly improved the abundance, diversity, and stability of the communities of aboveground arthropods and surface soil animals in wheat fields in southern Shanxi, while effectively boosting wheat yield and ensuring stable production. Therefore, it was a suitable optimized high-yield cultivation model for winter wheat fields in southern Shanxi.
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