Reasonable optimization for transportation structure is of great significance for reducing costs and enhancing the efficiency of logistics. Initially, a Logit model for modal split was constructed based on transportation indicators. Subsequently, the modal split under different transportation distances and timeliness was explored based on objective and subjective combination weighting. Finally, the evolution patterns of the modal split of different transportation modes under varying carbon tax levels were investigated. The findings reveal that compared with CRITIC, IAHP-CRITIC better highlights the relationship between freight supply and demand, reflecting issues such as insufficient subjective awareness of low-carbon transportation and an overemphasis on convenience. Specifically, the highway modal split increases with transportation distance and cargo timeliness, peaking before declining with further timeliness increases. Aviation and railway tend to serve high-timeliness cargo over medium-to-long distances, with railway having a broader transportation distance range and a gradually decreasing modal split as transportation distance increases. Waterway transportation is insensitive to distance but is unsuitable for high-timeliness cargo over medium-to-long distances. Compared to those without a carbon tax, aviation and railway shares increase by 21.93% and 20.94%, respectively, with a carbon tax of 0.05 yuan/kgCO2, while waterway and highway shares reduce by 5.6% and 60.49%, respectively. Waterway and railway shares increase by 5.46% and 41.75%, respectively, and highway and aviation shares decrease by 10.34% and 84.8%, respectively, with higher carbon taxes of 0.1 yuan/kgCO2 and 0.5 yuan/kgCO2.
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