铁路旅游列车市场化经营法律风险问题分析及对策研究
Research on Legal Risks and Countermeasures for Market-Oriented Operation of Railway Tour Trains
为加快建设旅游强国,国铁企业持续推进旅游列车开行市场化改革,大力推进特色旅游列车经营发展,逐步形成了社会资本出资参与旅游列车改造经营和引入社会旅游企业直接参与旅游列车竞价开行2种经营模式,铁路旅游列车市场化经营蓬勃发展。与此同时,当前我国针对旅游列车市场化经营的专项法律规定尚不完善,经营主体权责划分、合同权利义务界定、旅客权益保障、应急风险处置等方面的权责冲突问题逐渐暴露,不仅制约着旅游列车行业的规范化、可持续发展,也极易引发经营纠纷与合法权益受损问题。基于此,立足旅游列车市场化经营发展现状,深入剖析其经营全流程中存在的旅游列车经营主体把握不准确造成管理混淆的风险、旅游列车改造新增资产权属处置约定不明的风险、社会旅游企业自行配备乘务团队模式的风险、旅游列车开行的违约风险,探究风险产生的核心根源,并提出针对性的法律风险防范对策,以期为旅游列车行业法治化运营、行业健康有序发展提供参考,推动铁路旅游列车市场化经营行稳致远。
To accelerate the construction of a powerful tourism country, state railway enterprises continuously promote the market-oriented reform of tour train operation and vigorously advance the operational development of characteristic tour trains. Two operating modes are gradually formed: social capital funding to participate in the renovation and operation of tour trains and introducing social tourism enterprises to directly participate in the bidding for tour train operation, which leads to the booming of market-oriented operation of railway tour trains. Meanwhile, current special legal regulations for the market-oriented operation of tour trains in China are still imperfect. Conflicts of rights and responsibilities in aspects such as the division of rights and responsibilities of operating entities, the definition of contractual rights and obligations, the protection of passenger rights and interests, and the handling of emergency risks are gradually exposed. These not only restrict the standardized and sustainable development of the tour train industry but also easily trigger operational disputes and infringement of legitimate rights and interests. Based on this, proceeding from the current development status of market-oriented operation of tour trains, this paper deeply analyzed the legal risks existing in the whole operation process, including the risk of management confusion caused by inaccurate grasp of tour train operating entities, the risk of unclear agreement on the ownership and disposal of newly added assets in tour train renovation, the risk of the mode where social tourism enterprises equip their own crew teams, and the risk of default in tour train operation. It explored the core root causes of the risks and proposed targeted legal risk prevention countermeasures, to provide references for the legal operation and the healthy and orderly development of the tour train industry and to promote the steady and long-term development of the market-oriented operation of railway tour trains.
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