农田土壤中微塑料污染状况与生态环境效应研究进展

张淑怡 ,  高维常 ,  蔡凯 ,  代良羽 ,  刘涛泽

甘肃农业大学学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (06) : 155 -168.

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甘肃农业大学学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (06) : 155 -168. DOI: 10.13432/j.cnki.jgsau.2023.06.018
林学·草业·资源与生态环境

农田土壤中微塑料污染状况与生态环境效应研究进展

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Advance in research on microplastic pollution status in farmland soil and its ecological environment effect

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摘要

微塑料是一种性质稳定、分布范围广、易扩散迁移的新型污染物,近年来受到国内外学者广泛关注。本文对农田土壤中微塑料污染现状、检测方法和生态环境效应进行梳理和总结,明确了当前农田土壤中微塑料的来源及其不同检测方法的局限性和优势,并提出目前研究存在的不足和如何管控农田土壤微塑料污染的建议。文章重点分析了农田土壤微塑料的来源主要包括地膜的使用、灌溉活动、污泥及肥料的施入和大气沉降等途径,而且受耕作方式和气候条件的影响,西南和华中地区地膜源微塑料含量要高于西北地区;其次,土壤中微塑料的分离、纯化、鉴定方法种类繁多,具有各自的局限和优势,其中显微-光谱联用法可获得微塑料浓度、种类、形貌等信息,应用最为广泛;当前研究热点主要集中在微塑料的生物毒性、对土壤结构和功能的影响,以及微塑料迁移转化过程的研究。本文系统综述了农田土壤微塑料的研究现状和存在的问题并提出了展望,为建立土壤微塑料污染监管和潜在生态风险的防范提供理论依据和科学指导。

Abstract

Microplastics are a kind of new pollutants featured by their stability,wide distribution range and easy diffusion and migration.In recent years,it has received wide attentions from scholars at home and abroad.In this paper,the current status,detection methods and ecological effects of microplastic pollution in agricultural soils were reviewed and summarized,followed by clarifying the sources of microplastics in the soils and the limitations and advantages of different detection methods.This paper analyzed the shortcomings of current research and presented suggestions on how to control microplastic pollution in agricultural soils.This paper focused on the analysis of the sources of microplastics in agricultural soils,which mainly included the use of mulch,irrigation activities,sludge and fertilizer application and atmospheric deposition.The content of microplastics from mulch film sources was higher in southwest and central China than in northwest China due to the influence of farming patterns and climatic conditions.Secondly,there were many different methods for the separation,purification and identification of microplastics in soil,and each of them had its own limitations and advantages.Among them,the method of microscopic-spectroscopic could obtain the information on microplastic concentration,category and morphology,and thus were widely used.The current research focused on the biotoxicity of microplastics,the effects on soil structure and function,and on their migration and transformation processes.The paper systematically reviewed the current research status and problems of microplastics in agricultural soils and presented the outlook,providing theoretical basis and scientific guidance for soil microplastic pollution monitoring and the prevention of potential ecological risks.

Graphical abstract

关键词

农田土壤 / 微塑料 / 污染现状 / 生态环境效应

Key words

farmland soil / microplastics / pollution status / eco-environmental effects

引用本文

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张淑怡,高维常,蔡凯,代良羽,刘涛泽. 农田土壤中微塑料污染状况与生态环境效应研究进展[J]. 甘肃农业大学学报, 2023, 58(06): 155-168 DOI:10.13432/j.cnki.jgsau.2023.06.018

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塑料制品因其性质稳定而广泛使用,据统计1950~2015年间全球塑料制品约为63亿t,但仅有6%~26%的塑料被循环利用,未被利用的塑料被填埋至垃圾填埋场或直接废弃在自然环境中,在光、热、机械力等因素影响下常以纤维、碎片、颗粒、薄膜等形态存在于土壤环境中1-2。2004年Thompson提出了微塑料(MPs)这一概念,指粒径小于5 mm的微型塑料,在世界范围引起广泛的关注3。目前微塑料已在水体、大气、土壤等环境介质中被检测到,因其活性和迁移能力强,可被生物吸收进入体内,微塑料已是土壤中普遍存在的持久性污染物4。研究发现,土壤生态系统中微塑料的丰度与农业生产的长期投入密切相关,其中地膜因其性能优越,在农业生产中可控制杂草、保水和提高土壤温度而广泛应用5-6。由于机械耕作和自然降解,地膜易在农田中碎裂成小块,从而形成微塑料。因其性质稳定,在自然环境中难以降解,具有大比表面积、易吸附其他污染物质,且迁移能力强、造成的污染易扩散,近年来受到国内外学者广泛关注7。微塑料进入土壤后,对土壤健康构成严重的潜在威胁,而土壤在生物多样性保育、农业生产力保障、养分供给和水调节等方面起核心作用,因此亟待了解微塑料具体来源途径以及对土壤环境和生物毒性的影响机制。本文也对土壤微塑料污染检测方法和分离鉴定手段进行梳理总结。

1 农田土壤环境中微塑料的主要来源

微塑料产生的根本源头是人类生产生活中合成的塑料制品,这些塑料在机械力、光照等环境因素的作用下形成低分子8,扩散到大气环境、水环境以及土壤环境中。这些环境介质中的微塑料也会迁移和相互影响。近年来,微塑料在海洋、淡水、土壤环境和生物(动植物、微生物体内)中均被广泛检测到9。土壤环境系统中的来源包括塑料薄膜、灌溉活动、塑料制品(除塑料薄膜外的其他塑料制品)、污泥和肥料的施入、大气沉降。这些来源对土壤环境产生了不同的响应,而土壤环境介质影响农业生态系统,因此了解农田土壤中微塑料来源途径至关重要。

1.1 农用塑料薄膜的使用

农用塑料薄膜的使用是农田土壤微塑料的最主要来源,地膜覆盖技术因其增温保墒效果明显,在全国范围内被广泛推广,使用地膜材料以低密度聚乙烯为主10,至2017年,我国农用地膜用量高达140.4 万t,地膜易碎难以回收,在田间堆放是产生微塑料污染的主要原因11。据调查,我国地膜回收率低,残留量为50~260 kg/hm2,是土壤环境中微塑料的主要来源12,其碎片形态见图1。不同地区间存在明显差异,东北地区土壤中微塑料含量为0~800 颗/kg13,华东地区含量为8~2760颗/kg14-15,西北地区含量为31~4 960颗/kg16-17,而西南和华中地区微塑料含量分别高达900~42 960 颗/kg和320~620 000 颗/kg18-19。根据地膜污染调查结果,我国西北地区地膜投入量最大,地膜残留量远远高于西南和华中地区,但这与微塑料在土壤中的含量呈相反的分布规律20,表明西南和华中地区耕作方式和气候条件更利于微塑料的形成。

1.2 塑料制品的使用

农业活动中其他塑料制品是微塑料进入土壤环境的途径之一。农药、化肥的塑料包装垃圾散落在田间,这些塑料经过光照、高温、磨损,碎裂降解成更小的微塑料颗粒。中国每年废弃的农药包装多达 1×1010 个,化肥包装达 15 万t21。除此之外一些土壤还易受其他特殊污染源的影响,如医疗、电子行业中广泛应用的纳米材料(水性涂料、粘合剂等),清洁产品中的微珠等,广东电子废物污染的农田其微塑料含量高达18 970 颗/kg22。由固体废弃物产生的微塑料成分复杂种类繁多,常见种类有聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚碳酸酯(PC)等23

1.3 污泥和肥料的施入

污泥和肥料的施入在土壤微塑料的来源中也有着较强的贡献。因污泥中含有大量植物所需养分和微量元素,一般被直接或堆肥处理后施入土壤,而污泥制成的肥料富集了生活污水中90%的微塑料24。调查表明,我国污水处理厂污泥中微塑料含量为1 600~56 000 颗/kg,每年通过污泥途径进入农田土壤的微塑料高达52.4~26 400 t25-26。农业生产中有机肥料使用量逐年增加,2018年中国有机肥产量上升到1.381×107 t27。有机肥料的原材料农作物秸秆、禽畜粪便等在回收过程中易混入塑料废弃物,资源化过程中易产生微塑料[[28。研究表明,堆肥产品中塑料类物质含量达2.38~80 mg/kg,微塑料含量为895颗/kg,每年随有机肥料加入土壤的微塑料为1.56×101429

1.4 灌溉活动

灌溉活动也是农田土壤微塑料的重要来源,淡水系统、污水及污水处理体系与农业生产灌溉活动紧密相关,这一类微塑料主要来源于衣服的合成纤维,个人护理产品中的微珠等。当降雨不足或无法满足植物生长需求时,灌溉或引入未处理的污水,则将该部分微塑料输送至农田土壤中。未处理的污水中微塑料含量可达1 000~627 000 颗/m3[30,包括长江流域、珠江流域以及太湖均已检出大量微塑料,含量分别为5.50×104~3.42×107个/km2、8.9×103~1.98×104个/km2、1.00×105~6.8×106个/km2[31-34。有研究表明,高流量的洪水可以将来自多个来源(如生活和工业废弃物、道路交通扬尘和工业生产材料)的更多微塑料输送到农田土壤中,从而加剧微塑料在农田中的积累35

1.5 大气沉降

大气沉降也在一定程度上影响农田微塑料丰度,周倩等研究表明大气中微塑料沉降通量高达1.46×105 个/(m2·a),主要成分有聚酰胺(PA)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚氨酯(PUR)36-37。大气中的微塑料主要是汽车轮胎等塑料制品磨损产生的颗粒38-39,这些颗粒在干湿沉降作用下进入临路农田土壤中。此外,未处置妥当的生活垃圾风化后的颗粒也会迁移至农田土壤中。

农田土壤中微塑料以碎片和薄膜状的聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)材料为主,这两类微塑料主要受农业生产的影响,来自地膜和棚膜的大规模使用。纤维状微塑料因其来源众多,积累在土壤中的量仅次于薄膜与碎片状微塑料,在农田土壤中也有着较深的影响。

2 土壤中微塑料的检测方法

土壤中微塑料来源众多,种类丰富,对生态和生物健康构成潜在威胁,亟待对环境中微塑料污染程度进行评估。土壤系统复杂,微塑料的鉴定较其他介质更难,更易受到干扰。现有的分析技术主要是通过直接分析法和间接分析法对土壤中微塑料进行鉴定,直接分析法方便快捷,可直接得到微塑料浓度,间接分析法可得到微塑料的浓度、种类、形貌等详细信息(图2)。已有研究微塑料主要分析技术及检测指标见表1,其中热分析法和显微-光谱联用法为最常用方法,可鉴别常见微塑料种类。

2.1 直接分析法

直接分析法主要指热分析技术,通过聚合物热降解产物的特定片段信息,在气相色谱(GC)中进行产物分离,随后采用气相质谱仪(MS)分析出微塑料的种类,并得出物质的质量分数。热技术现已广泛应用于聚合物:PP(聚丙烯)、PE(聚乙烯)、PS(聚苯乙烯)、PMMA(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)和PVC(聚氯乙烯)的检测40,对于这些聚合物匹配至少一种特征降解产物为标记物,用于在土壤基质中进行鉴定。主要方法包括热解气质联用(Py-GC-MS)、热重分析法(TGA)与热萃取热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用(TED-GC-MS)相结合、热重分析法(TGA)与热解吸-气相色谱-质谱联用(TDS-GC-MS)相结合41。Py-GC/MS与TED-GC-MS、TDS-GC/MS处理原理基本相同,在土壤基质进行检测时识别聚合物的某些特定降解产物,同时可识别和表征多种聚合物及添加剂,判定微塑料的来源等更多有效信息。裂解气质联用法(Py-GC-MS)是在惰性气体中,在250~300 ℃温度下对微塑料进行热裂解42,而对于熔点高于300 ℃的微塑料则可能难以热解,造成管路堵塞。热重分析法(TGA)采用程序控温加热样品,以10 ℃/min的升温速率,在高达600 ℃的温度下进行热降解43,可适用于大多数微塑料。热分析技术的优点是无需前处理样品,测试时间一般为2~3 h,可同时检测多种聚合物及添加剂,检测快速便捷,已作为一种常规检测手段应用在微塑料研究领域。但热分析技术也存在一些限制,在检测低浓度微塑料时,易出现特征降解产物不明显的情况;检测成分复杂或分布不均匀的样品时,因上机样品量小,易出现重复性差的问题。同时,热分析技术破坏原始微塑料样品,也无法获得微塑料形貌信息。

2.2 间接分析法

间接分析法是将土壤样品先进行预处理,排除物质干扰因素,再对样品进行分析鉴定的方法。主要流程有分离、消解、鉴定。首先从土壤中分离提取微塑料,去除土壤颗粒的干扰,提取方法如密度分离、静电分离、气浮提取、油提取等;其次用酸、碱、酶消解微塑料上的有机质,对微塑料进行纯化,利于后续鉴定;最后对微塑料进行分析鉴定,了解掌握其大小、类别等信息。常见的鉴定方法有光谱分析和显微分析,这两者通常会联合使用,以便获取更多微塑料样品本身的信息。此外已有新型技术应用在微塑料的鉴别领域,如飞行时间二次离子质谱(ToF-SIMS)、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)等。

2.2.1 土壤微塑料的分离纯化

大多数分析方法需要将微塑料从介质中分离、纯化,避免其他物质干扰后才能进行鉴定。利用土壤颗粒物与微塑料之间的差异性将微塑料从土壤中收集出来,如图3。常见的分离方法有密度分离,微塑料的密度通常为0.8~1.4 g/cm3,土壤样品的密度通常为2.6~2.7 g/cm44,高密度溶液可以使微塑料漂浮在液体上部,达到与土壤分离的效果。水和NaCl溶液因其无害且成本低,成为低密度塑料(聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯)的最佳浮选剂。对于高密度塑料(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,聚氯乙烯等),Han45、Nuelle等40采用NaCl与NaI混合溶液进行浮选,Liu等14建议使用NaBr溶液来提取土壤中的微塑料,此外CaCl2溶液也是常用的浮选剂46。密度分离法可通过选用合适的浮选剂调整分离不同密度区间的微塑料。利用塑料的亲油疏水性提取土壤中的微塑料,常用方法有油提取、气泡浮选。Scopetani等47使用水-橄榄油将微塑料从土壤中萃取出来,回收率可达90%以上。气浮法常用水或者NaCl为浮选剂,向液体中曝气将疏水性更高的微塑料吸附在气泡表面,向上带离土壤样品,此方法适用于低密度塑料48。利用微塑料疏水性的提取方法,效果较高,但操作流程较为复杂。静电分离法是根据土壤颗粒与微塑料导电性差异,使微塑料带电吸附在绝缘物体表面从而与土壤分离,回收率可达98%以上49。实验室常用密度分离法快速便捷的提取土壤中的微塑料,而静电分离法可设计大批量的土壤微塑料分离回收装置,在土壤微塑料污染治理方面具有广泛前景。

微塑料的纯化是指使用酸、碱物消解、氧化处理、酶消化去除环境中吸附在微塑料上的有机质。土壤环境是所有环境中最复杂的一类,所含有机质种类多、含量高,对消化剂要求较高。常用的酸包括 HNO3、HCl以及 HNO3-HClO4,HNO3可以在短时间内消化大部分有机物,但会改变丙烯腈(ABS)、聚酰胺(PA)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)等微粒的外部特征50;HCl不属于氧化性酸,消解效率一般较低。常用的碱消解剂包括氢氧化钠(NaOH)和氢氧化钾(KOH),消解时间通常需要2~3周,不适用于土壤有机质的去除51-52,酶解法也不适用于土壤样品53。氧化法通常使用H2O2对有机质进行消解,Fenton试剂可以有效破坏H2O2难以消化的有机成分和无机化合物,且不会改变聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)和聚氯乙烯(PVC)4754。现有对土壤微塑料的主体研究均使用H2O2对微塑料进行纯化,消解效率高,可消化多种有机质,且不改变微塑料外部特征。

2.2.2 显微分析

显微分析也是微塑料鉴定的常用手段。使用光学显微镜依靠视觉识别可以直接、快速地获得微塑料表面纹理等特征,且检测成本低,检测下限为500 μm,但粒径越小误判风险越大56。Qiu等46利用微塑料中荧光增白剂,Erni-cassola等56使用染色剂(尼罗红溶液、孟加拉玫瑰红溶液)将微塑料染色,在荧光显微镜下观察紫外光照射的微塑料,但此方法易受其他亲脂性物质干扰4757。Zhang等58根据塑料的热塑性,利用塑料130 ℃下加热后发生形变的特点,拍摄前后照片将熔融颗粒鉴定为热塑性聚合物,识别出小于100 μm的聚乙烯(PE)和 聚丙烯(PP)。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)是用二次电子加背景散射电子成像,成像清晰,分辨率可达0.1 μm,放大倍数高,可获取微塑料表面微观形貌特征信息59。原子力显微镜(AFM)可以在任何环境(如液体、空气)中成像,具有高分辨率,可在分子级水平上观察样品的形貌和尺寸60

2.2.3 光谱分析

常用到的光谱分析是红外光谱和拉曼光谱。红外光谱通过分子吸收入射电磁波得到光谱信息,根据其特征峰确定微塑料种类。衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)可直接快速测试尺寸不小于200 µm的微塑料61。傅里叶变换显微红外光谱法(µ-FTIR)可检测的最小粒径为10 μm42,配备焦平面(FPA)阵列或线阵列检测器后的µ-FTIR可实现对整个滤膜上微塑料的全自动测量43,但该技术对微塑料形态、水蒸气和土壤有机质的干扰敏感。拉曼光谱是通过入射光与散射光频率差异得到光谱信息44,其分辨率更高,不易受水分干扰,但微塑料添加剂较多或产生荧光效应时,则会影响拉曼检测结果。显微拉曼光谱(µ-Raman)可以对1~10 µm微塑料进行表征,与新型信号探测装置相结合可以快速获得微塑料的拉曼图像55。显微红外光谱法(µ-FTIR)和显微拉曼光谱法(µ-Raman)已成为微塑料检测的最主流方法,微塑料在紫外辐射和磨损过程中产生老化降解,显微镜不能提供完整的降解信息,与红外光谱或拉曼光谱联用,既可保留原始样品判定微塑料种类,又可获得微塑料形貌等降解信息。此外,Corradini等62采用可见光-近红外光谱法(vis-NIR)可免去提取过程,直接对土壤微塑料含量进行预测,Shan等52利用高光谱成像技术和化学计量学快速监测土壤表面微塑料,李艳慧等63利用太赫兹光谱结合建模法,预测土壤中微塑料浓度。这些方法基于图像识别技术快速预测微塑料浓度,可现场预估微塑料污染程度,在原位检测方面具有广泛前景。

3 微塑料对土壤环境生态效应的影响

微塑料作为一种新型的环境污染物,其生态效应及其潜在的健康风险一直备受关注。web of science数据库以“soil and microplastic*”为主题词进行检索,对文献关键词进行聚类分析(图4)。土壤环境中的微塑料研究热点主要体现在生物毒性、释放和吸收行为、土壤功能等污染机理性研究。

3.1 生物毒性

微塑料带来的生物毒性是当前最为被人们关注的热点。已有研究以蚯蚓、蜗牛、白符䖴、秀丽隐杆线虫等土壤动物为模式生物进行毒理性实验,结果表明土壤生物暴露在微塑料环境中易出现急性响应,摄食微塑料后均出现不同程度的肠道损伤和消化系统功能性紊乱,影响钙、磷等营养元素的吸收;也会产生氧化应激反应、DNA损伤,导致土壤动物生长受到抑制,死亡率升高,同时繁殖也会受到抑制65-74。而在植物毒理性研究方面则使用生菜、洋葱、小麦、蚕豆等作为模式作物,具体表现在微塑料堵塞种皮及根毛表面空隙,影响植物对水分和养分的吸收,进而造成种子萌发率下降,植物根系生长受阻,营养物质运输阻断,色素合成以及光合作用受到抑制,植株生长发育受到明显胁迫75-85

3.2 释放与吸收行为

生物毒性是微塑料污染的宏观体现,微观机理则是微塑料分子层面的变化,具体体现在微塑料在土壤环境介质中的迁移转化。微塑料暴露于紫外辐射主要改变其表面的含氧官能团,比表面积的增大,吸附容量增加86-89,成为重金属离子和有机污染物扩散的载体。已有研究表明不同材质的微塑料对重金属均有明显的吸附效果。此外,在多种微塑料中检测到高浓度的持久性有机污染物,如多氯联苯(PCBs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)90。一些研究认为由于污染物吸附在微塑料上,从而降低了污染物在环境中的生物利用度,从而降低总体生态毒性91。而另一些研究则发现,微塑料颗粒负载重金属元素易迁移至植物根际并解吸92,也可与四环素类抗生素形成复合物,影响周围微生物群落93。与原始微塑料相比,含有污染物的微塑料在酸性介质或生物体内运输过程中发生解吸,污染物在组织中积累,增强生物毒性效应;微塑料也会土壤环境中释放和吸收,增加了土壤生态风险。

3.3 微塑料对土壤功能的影响

土壤作为微塑料直接作用对象,受到最广泛的影响。Khalid等44研究表明,72%的微塑料参与了土壤团聚体的形成,进而影响土壤容重、孔隙度和保水能力,破坏土壤结构,土壤理化性质,如土壤pH、电导率也受到影响94-97,同时,微塑料可以直接干扰物质循环,包括土壤可溶性有机碳/氮/磷(DOC、DON、DOP)、各种土壤酶活性及土壤腐殖质98-99。Zhang等99研究发现土壤微生物代谢活力降低,土壤中微生物优势种发生改变,主要集中在微塑料上微生物种类有:酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿僵菌门(Chloroflexi)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)100-101。综上所述,微塑料不仅改变土壤特征,导致微生物生存环境被破坏,厌氧和好氧微生物分布改变,群落丰富度、多样性,也导致植物根际微生物群落也随着发生改变,植物生长在一定程度上受到干扰。

3.4 微塑料的迁移及富集

土壤环境相较于其他环境介质更加复杂,微塑料在土壤环境中存在复杂的迁移转化交织过程,这为微塑料污染带来更多的不确定性。土壤干湿循环、农艺措施、植物根系生长、食土动物的挖掘、摄食和排泄行为均会造成微塑料的迁移转化102-103。大量研究表明,小于5 μm的微塑料颗粒即可进入植物体内,并富集在植物叶片和茎根部位,可迁移至植物食用部位,对食品安全和人体健康造成威胁76104-108。另外,蚯蚓和弹尾虫可将小于1 mm的微塑料向下迁移,真菌菌丝也可以作为微塑料短距离迁移的载体109-110。Lwanga等111调查发现微塑料在“土壤—蚯蚓—鸡”食物链传播,富集浓度比分别为12.7和105。因此,微塑料迁移过程通过吸附和解吸污染物质,同步对生物产生毒害,共同作用于生物体。

4 结论与展望

农田土壤中的微塑料主要来源于地膜的使用,不同区域农田微塑料赋存特征受气候条件及耕作方式影响。城市污泥和肥料的使用也是影响农田土壤微塑料的另一大因素,特殊田块受洪水侵蚀,受大气和淡水系统中微塑料影响不容小觑。而对于农田微塑料的污染评估来说,常规微塑料的检测方法已逐步成熟,以密度分离法提取微塑料,结合光谱分析鉴定微塑料为主,进而获得较为详细的微塑料分布特征。微塑料产生的生态效应主要表现在与土壤中的其他污染物形成复合污染,改变了微生物群落,阻碍动植物吸收水分和养分,抑制动植物生长,且能够在动植物体内聚集(主要作用于动物消化系统和植物根部)。

相比于水生环境,农田土壤环境的相关研究较少。目前,检测微塑料常用热解气质联用和显微-光谱联用,但在取样、提取纯化和鉴定上两种方法各异,检测结果无法直接比较。针对土壤微塑料污染情况,应建立标准采集方法,统一检测手段和指标,为土壤微塑料溯源及污染风险评估提供支持。从农田土壤微塑料生物毒性的研究来看,大多为实验室模拟,实验对象单一,污染剂量高,研究时间短。后期应进一步展开机理性实验,深入了解微塑料的污染机制及生物毒性,并在实际环境中开展长期跟踪实验以检测其可能产生的生态效应。

同时,在农田土壤微塑料来源方面需做好污染防治,首先要在源头减少微塑料产生,控制和减少农田土壤微塑料的来源和途径,具体措施为:1)针对地膜的使用和农业活动中包装袋的废弃,应减少传统塑料制品的使用,推广纸、金属、可降解塑料等替代产品;2)针对污泥和肥料的再利用,应在生产过程中严格控制原材料中含杂率,产品也应增设微塑料相关检测指标;3)对于水系统中微塑料的影响,应推进污水处理系统对微塑料的处理,增设微塑料检测指标,控制其排放含量;4)对于大气中微塑料的存在,应在临田路旁开挖中心沟渠,便于微塑料的沉降,车辆或人群干扰较大的路旁可曾设置除尘设备降尘。此外,需科学制定土壤微塑料污染防治标准,设置污染阈值,以便评估农田土壤的污染程度。针对已受污染的土壤,应开发科学高效、经济可行的微塑料污染治理技术,推进土壤合理利用和健康可持续发展。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(42167067)

贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合平台人才[2020]6020)

贵州省农业农村厅农田地膜残留监测项目(GZGC-2021-C16)

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