有机肥替代化肥对马铃薯干物质积累、分配与产量的影响
Effect of organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizer on dry matter accumulation,distribution and yield of potato
目的 探究青海省东部农业区马铃薯在轮作条件下,施用化肥及不同量有机肥对马铃薯生长发育、产量及效益的影响,明确该地区最佳有机肥施肥量,为当地马铃薯增产增效提供理论依据。 方法 在青海海东市乐都区连续开展定位试验,在2021年设置不施肥(CK)、专家推荐化肥施肥(OPT)、有机肥施肥8 995.50 kg/hm2(T1)、7 496.25 kg/hm2(T2)、5 997.00 kg/hm2(T3)、4 497.75 kg/hm2(T4)、2 998.50 kg/hm2(T5),共7个处理。研究不同施肥处理对马铃薯农艺性状(株高)、干物质含量及分配、经济性状(产量、加工商品率)的影响。 结果 有机肥处理T2、T4株高增高显著,其次为化肥处理OPT;不同处理对马铃薯根+茎+叶和块茎干质量平衡期延迟效果排序依次为:T4>T3>T1>T5>CK>T2>OPT,干质量平衡期之后“剪刀差”最大的是OPT处理,其次是T2处理;从现蕾期到收获期,马铃薯根茎叶所占干物质比例逐渐减小,而块茎所占干物质比例逐渐增加,但在同一生育期内,随着有机肥用量的减少,茎所占干物质比例呈增加趋势,而叶片所占干物质比例呈减少趋势;每公顷总产量最高的是T3处理,其次是T2处理,较CK、OPT增产均显著;加工商品薯率最高是CK处理,其次为T1和T2、T5,但与CK相比差异不显著。综合分析不同施肥处理对马铃薯农艺性状、经济性状的影响,认为在海东乐都马铃薯农业区,确保高产的有机肥最佳施用量范围为4 497.75~7 496.2 kg/hm2,确保较高加工商品率的有机肥最佳施用量范围为7 496.25~8 995.50 kg/hm2。 结论 连续施用有机肥可显著增加马铃薯产量,达到增产增收增效的目的。
Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of fertilizer application and different amounts of organic fertilizer on the growth,development,yield,and benefit of potatoes under crop rotation conditions in the eastern agricultural region of Qinghai Province.The goal was to determine the optimal amount of organic fertilizer application in the region and provide a theoretical basis for increasing local potato yield and efficiency. Method A continuous positioning experiment was conducted in Ledu District,Haidong City,Qinghai,with seven treatments including no fertilizer application (CK),conventional fertilizer application by farmers (OPT),and organic fertilizer application at different rates: 8 995.50 kg/hm2 (T1),7 496.25 kg/hm2 (T2),5 997.00 kg/hm2 (T3),4 497.75 kg/hm2 (T4) and 2 998.50 kg/hm2 (T5).The effects of these fertilization treatments on agronomic traits (plant height,dry matter content,and distribution) and economic traits (yield,processing commercial rate) of potatoes were investigated. Result The organic fertilizer treatments T2 and T4 significantly increased plant height,followed by the chemical fertilizer treatment OPT.The delayed effect of different treatments on the equilibrium of potato root+stem+leaf and tuber dry weight was ranked as follows: T4>T3>T1>T5>CK>T2>OPT.From the bud stage to the harvest stage,the proportion of dry matter accounted for by potato roots,stems,and leaves gradually decreased,while the proportion accounted for by tubers increased.However,within the same reproductive period,as the amount of organic fertilizer decreased,the proportion of dry matter accounted for by stems tended to increase,while the proportion accounted for by leaves tended to decrease.The highest total yield per hectare was achieved with the T3 treatment,followed by the T2 treatment,which were significantly higher than CK and OPT.A comprehensive analysis of the effects of different fertilizer treatments on agronomic and economic traits of potatoes concluded that in the agricultural area of potatoes in Ledu,Haidong,the optimal range of organic fertilizer application for ensuring high yields was 4 497.75 kg/hm2 to 7 496.25 kg/hm2,and the optimal range for ensuring higher processing commercial rates was 7 496.25 kg/hm2 to 8 995.50 kg/hm2. Conclusion Continuous application of organic fertilizer can significantly increase potato yield and achieve the goal of increasing yield,income,and efficiency.
马铃薯 / 化肥减施 / 有机肥 / 农艺性状 / 经济性状
potato / chemical fertilizer reduction / organic fertilizer / agronomic traits / economic traits
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