市售蔬菜和水果中农药残留的风险评估
杨志敏 , 李坚 , 常巧英 , 吴福祥 , 陈敏 , 朱仁愿 , 白若斌
甘肃农业大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 60 ›› Issue (03) : 281 -290.
市售蔬菜和水果中农药残留的风险评估
Risk assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits sold at the market
目的 对蔬菜和水果中的农药残留情况进行风险评价。 方法 通过气相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱测定了728份蔬菜水果中686种农药,采用农药残留风险评估法对检出农药进行了风险排序,通过暴露风险、预警风险和膳食风险评估模型对蔬果中的农药残留进行风险评价。 结果 728份样品中有584份样品检出农药残留,平均检出率为80.2%;共检出超标样品数20份,样品不合格率为2.6%,超标率高的样品和不合格农药为芹菜(克百威、毒死蜱)和葡萄(氟吡菌酰胺和三唑醇);在已检出的样品中,共检出农药116种,检出频次超过15次的农药有27种。27种高检出农药风险排序结果显示,低风险农药3种,中风险农药4种,高风险农药16种(克百威、毒死蜱、苯醚甲环唑、联苯菊酯、哒螨灵和氟硅唑等),其中克百威的风险值最高;食品安全指数(IFS)评估结果显示克百威的IFS为1.724,大于1,其在蔬菜(芹菜)中的安全状态不可接受,其余农药的IFS为0.001~0.092,其平均安全指数()为0.013,远小于1,其余农药在蔬果的整体安全状况可接受;预警风险评估中,风险系数(R)结果表明蔬菜中克百威存在高度风险,毒死蜱存在中度风险,其余农药在蔬果中均处于低度风险,这与样品的超标情况相一致。膳食风险评估结果显示,克百威的慢性膳食摄入风险%ADI(172.45%)和急性膳食摄入风险%ARFD(304.36%)均大于100%,风险不可接受,其余农药的慢性和急性膳食摄入风险均远小于100%,均可接受。 结论 市售蔬菜水果中检出的农药残留总体风险较低,均在可接受范围内。克百威和毒死蜱在蔬菜中属于禁用农药,其超标问题应被高度重视,今后要作为重点监控对象。
Objective This study aimed to assess the pesticide residue risks in vegetables and fruits sold commercially. Method Using gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-Q-TOF/MS),a total of 686 pesticides were analyzed in 728 vegetable and fruit samples.Pesticide risk ranking was performed based on residue detection data,with risk assessment conducted through different risk assessment models such as exposure risk,early warning risk,and dietary risk. Result Pesticides were detected in 584 out of 728 samples (a detection rate of 80.2%),with 20 samples exceeding maximum residue limits (i.e.,MRLs,2.6%).Celery (containing carbofuran and chlorpyrifos) and grapes (containing fluopyram and triadimenol) showed the highest MRLs.Among the detected samples,a total of 116 pesticides were detected,and 27 pesticides were detected for more than 15 times.According to the residual risk score,there were 3 low-risk pesticides,4 medium-risk pesticides,and 16 high-risk pesticides (carbofuran,chlorpyrifos,difenoconazole,bifenthrin,pyridaben and flusilazole etc) among 27 highly-detected pesticides,with carbofuran having the highest risk value.The assessment of food safety index (IFS) showed that the IFS of carbofuran was 1.724,greater than 1,indicating the safety status in celery was unacceptable.The IFS values of other pesticides ranged from 0.001 to 0.092,and the average safety index (IFS) was 0.013,far less than 1,indicating the overall safety status in vegetables and fruits was acceptable.In the early-warning risk assessment,the risk coefficient (R) results indicated that carbofuran in vegetables was at high risk,chlorpyrifos was at medium risk,and other pesticides in vegetables and fruits were at low risk,which were consistent with the exceeding standard samples.The results of dietary risk assessment showed that the chronic dietary intake risk % ADI value (172.45%) and acute dietary intake risk % ARFD (304.36%) of carbofuran were both much greater than 100%,indicating an unacceptable risk.The chronic and acute dietary intake risks of other pesticides were far less than 100%,indicating an acceptable risk. Conclusion Pesticide residues were detected in vegetables and fruits available on the market,but the overall risk was relatively low and within an acceptable range for most of them.Carbofuran and Chlorpyrifos belong to the prohibited pesticides in vegetables,and both pesticides should be highly monitored and controlled in the future.
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