The fatigue crack propagation of freight train wheel treads under ramp emergency braking conditions was studied based on the extended finite element method, taking into account the frictional heat generation, conduction heat dissipation, and the variation of material parameters with temperature. By analyzing the temperature fields and stress fields during the rolling contact processes under ramp emergency braking conditions, the results indicate that the existence of tread cracks affects the wheel-rail contact stress distribution, the high contact stress regions are divided into two sub-regions by the tread cracks, and stress concentration occurs at the crack front, and the tread crack propagation behavior is closely related to the relative positions of cracks and contact regions. During the braking processes, the circumferential compressive stress generated by high temperature will inhibit the tread crack growth, but the residual tensile stress after cooling will promote the tread crack propagation. During the stages of tread temperature rising, the tread crack propagation mode is a mixed Ⅱ-Ⅲ multiaxial propagation mode, dominated by mode Ⅱ propagation. During the stages of cooling, the tread crack propagation mode is mixed Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅲ multiaxial propagation mode, dominated by mode Ⅰ and mode Ⅱ.
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