To address the control challenges such as the complex output force characteristics of pneumatic muscles, and the significant parameter uncertainties and uncertain nonlinearities of the 6-DOF parallel platforms, a cross-coupling adaptive robust controller in joint spaces was developed to enhance the control capability for coordinated joint motions by back-stepping method. The proposed controller featured a two-layer cascade structure. Each layer integratd an online parameter estimation module and a nonlinear model-based robust control module. The parameter estimation module employed an online recursive least square estimation algorithm to reduce the extents of parametric uncertainties, while the robust control module utilized a nonlinear robust control method to attenuate the effects of parameter estimation errors, uncertain nonlinearities and disturbances. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed controller may significantly improve the tracking accuracy of the parallel platforms. During lifting, in the pocesses of 3-DOF composite translational motion and 6-DOF hybrid pose motion, the mean tracking error of position tracking error remains within 0.84 mm, and the mean tracking error of posture tracking error is confined to 0.03°. Furthermore, the controller exhibits strong performance robustness against disturbances.
如图2所示,在固定平台、运动平台中心分别建立静坐标系OgXgYgZg和动坐标系OpXpYpZp,运动平台在静坐标系中的广义位姿 q =(x,y,z,φ,θ,ψ)T,其中,φ、θ、ψ为运动平台的RPY转角,动坐标系原点Op在静坐标系中的位置 t =(x,y,z)T,则六自由度并联平台的工作空间到关节空间的状态变换公式为
sk =sin k ck =cos k k=φ,θ,ψ
式中: Li 为第i根气动肌肉在静坐标系中的长度向量; gi 为第i根气动肌肉与固定平台铰接点在静坐标系中的位置向量; pi 为第i根气动肌肉与运动平台铰接点在动坐标系中的位置向量;为动坐标系相对于静坐标系的旋转变换矩阵。
因此,根据运动平台的期望位姿可计算出气动肌肉i的当前理想长度:
假设气动肌肉的初始长度为l0,则其收缩量xi =l0li,令 L =(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6)T,则关节空间中六自由度并联平台的数学模型为
M =diag(m1,m2,…,m6)
F =[F1F2F3F4F5F6]T
式中: M 为并联平台关节空间中的惯量矩阵; F 为气动肌肉拉力向量; FL为气动肌肉驱动运动平台时受到的负载力[17]; fn为模型误差在线辨识部分;为模型误差中未辨识部分及外界干扰;mi 为运动平台及其连接件总质量的1/6; Tp为并联六自由度机构的力雅可比矩阵; Mp为运动平台的广义质量阵; Cp为运动平台非线性科氏向心项系数矩阵; Gp为运动平台的重力。
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