To address the challenges of accurately identifying early faults in rolling bearings, a fault detection method was proposed based on one-dimensional structural graph entropy. A graph model was developed to transform time-series data into spatial structures, enabling effective extraction of bearing condition features. A complete graph model of signal short-time power spectrum was construtured, and the complexity changing rules of time-frequency energy distribution were captured. Leveraging the ability of entropy to describe signal nonlinearity, a one-dimensional structural graph entropy measure was defined to quantify the variations in complexity of model structure, whose mean value served as health indicator for assessing the condition of the bearings. Theoretical explanations and numerical analyses demonstrated the discriminative mechanism of health indicators regarding operating states. Additionally, an adaptive detection method was developed based on the characteristics of this health indicator. The method was experimentally validated on XJTU-SY, IMS, PHM, and pulp mill datasets. Results show that the method may accurately identify fault conditions without any parametric adjustments. When compared with methods such as mean square value, synchronized pseudo-velocity corrected mean square value, variance, and kurtosis, the proposed health indicator shows superior robustness and trend-tracking performance.
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