Considering the difficulties in machining surface quality assurance of titanium alloy shaft parts, a parallel ultrasonic vibration cutting method was proposed based on ultrasonic vibration with two tools cutting synergy. The parallel ultrasonic vibration cutting principles and cutting modes were analyzed, and the tool-workpiece trajectory and separation cutting conditions were studied. The effects of four types of cutting processes including the parallel ultrasonic vibration cutting and the single-tool conventional cutting, the conventional cutting with two tools (parallel cutting), and the single-tool ultrasonic vibration cutting, on their surface integrity (i.e., surface roughness and machined surface morphology, surface residual stress, microstructure and surface hardness) were studied. The experimental results indicate that the parallel ultrasonic vibration cutting and the single-tool ultrasonic vibration cutting significantly benefit to reduce the surface roughness of the machined surfaces, to increase the thickness of the deformed layers and the surface hardness, resulting in high surface residual stress. The parallel cutting and parallel ultrasonic vibration cutting may reduce the surface residual stress but increase the surface roughness. Therefore, parallel ultrasonic vibration cutting combines the advantages of parallel cutting and ultrasonic vibration cutting, achieving a lower surface roughness while reducing surface residual stress, increasing surface microhardness and hardening rate, and further enhancing material properties.
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