A multi-objective batch scheduling model integrating carbon emissions, makespan, and manufacturing cost is established to accommodate the flexible production mode commonly adopted by small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. An improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ) was proposed to solve the model. To enhance scheduling flexibility and solution efficiency, a four-layer chromosome encoding scheme was designed. A maximum batch number search method was developed to determine a reasonable batching range. Furthermore, an improved precedence operation crossover (POX) operator was introduced to prevent illegal solutions arising from operation overlap, while an adaptive mutation operator was employed to dynamically adjust the mutation probability and strengthen global search capability. The effectiveness and applicability of the proposed algorithm were validated through both benchmark instances and real-world industrial case studies.
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