To improve the compensation performance of feedback-feedforward control systems for machine tools, this paper proposes an orthogonal feedback-feedforward composite control system based on generalized cross-product, in which the closed-loop transfer function is Φ₁ and the feedforward controller is 1/Φ₁. Unit step response tests demonstrate that the proposed system exhibits significantly higher robustness than the optimal second-order system. Monte Carlo simulations and machining experiments further reveal that the machining errors of the composite system are substantially lower than those of the optimal second-order system. These results indicate that orthogonal feedback enhances closed-loop robustness, while feedforward control improves steady-state performance. The combination of the two control strategies effectively enhances the machining accuracy of machine tools.
其中, B (j,j)为矩阵 B 删除第j行和第j列后得到的矩阵,且满足0≤| B |≤| B (j,j)|≤1;正交角αj 描述 Aj 与 A 中其他叉向量的方位关系,αj ∈(π/2,π]。若αj =π,则 Aj 与 A 中其他叉向量正交;若αj →π/2,则 Aj 与 A 中其他叉向量趋于平行。 Aj 有增量Δ Aj 时,积向量 C 的增量为Δ C,由得叉向量 C 模的变化率,以及积向量模的变化率。αj =π时,-Δαj tanαj =0, C 对 Aj 的变化最小即鲁棒性最强;α1=α2=…=αn =π时, C 对 A1、 A2、…、 An 变化的鲁棒性最强。
证毕。
对高维叉矩阵,用式(1)计算积向量较麻烦,故提出快速算法:先用叉矩阵构造的方程组 AXT=0得一个确定解 X。如果 X 的第j个元素xj ≠0,则仅需计算积向量相应的第j个元素cj;再由叉积正交性质 ACT=0得到积向量
C = Xcj /xj
由于cj /xj 为常数,所以 C 与 X 平行且鲁棒性质相同。
1.2 基于广义叉积的系统鲁棒机理与设计方法
积向量模摄动由相互独立的叉向量模摄动与叉向量方位摄动构成,正交时,第j个叉向量的方位摄动灵敏度tanαj 为0,对积向量无影响。任意一个确定解 X 与积向量平行且鲁棒性质相同。广义叉积鲁棒定理表明,若叉矩阵各行相互正交,则矩阵元素变异对积向量 C 或叉矩阵方程组的任意一个确定解 X 影响最小。将广义叉积鲁棒定理用于系统设计可增强鲁棒性。下面以二阶对象为例阐述鲁棒前馈补偿原理,假设二阶对象的传递函数为
式中:C(z)为被控物理量;U(z)为控制器的输出;a1、a2、b0、b1、b2为确定的系数。
将该传递函数转换成可控标准型的状态空间表达式:
并用状态反馈构造闭环,其中,控制器的控制律为
u(n)=krr(n)- Lv (n)
式中:kr为调节稳态误差的前置增益(待设计);r(n)为闭环参考输入,即前馈控制器的输出; L 为状态反馈矩阵(待设计), L =[l1l2]; v (n)为状态向量。
通过求解矩阵[ AC ]T的方程组,得一个(N+2)×(2N+2)的行正交矩阵,则 Ad与 A 可组合成一个(2N+1)×(2N+2)的叉矩阵[ AAd]T, C 为[ AAd]T的积向量或与积向量平行的叉矩阵方程组的一个解。由于行向量正交的常数矩阵 Ad仅与 A 和输入序列r(n)有关,故 A 是与 Ad及输入无关的离散系统描述,称之为系统叉矩阵。
式(7)中,若 A 中各行相互正交,则叉矩阵[ AAd]T完全正交,积向量 C =( c (n), r (n))或叉矩阵方程组的解对被控对象的参数a1、a2、b0、b1、b2变化最不敏感,即 C 变化最小。由于 C 中的r(n)是确定的输入序列, C 变化最小实际上是输出序列 c (n)的变化最小;反之,若 A 的正交度低,则系统的微小摄动可引起 c (n)剧变,急剧偏离其期望(名义)序列。
系统叉矩阵 A 中每一行向量与相隔2行以外的其他行向量自然正交。因此,只需使任意连续三行 Aj 、 Aj+1、 Aj+2相互正交,即可实现 A 中各叉向量的相互正交。由此,闭环正交鲁棒性条件为
单位阶跃响应仅验证了正交系统对单个“摄动对象”的鲁棒性。为进一步评估系统性能,现用蒙特卡洛法(Monte Carlo method, MCM)仿真反馈-前馈系统的平面圆腔加工,分析铣床X-Y轴联动时的加工误差分布规律,并在大数定律意义下对系统性能作统计评估。设待加工平面圆腔的圆心为O(Ox, Oy )、半径为50mm。用步长10μm的逐点比较法对该圆进行插补,生成离散输入序列rx (n)、ry (n),其中,n=1,2,…,N。
故取 M =krH 使重构误差与r(n)无关。为获得最快的重构误差收敛,采用最少拍设计:将重构误差特征方程|zI - F + KvP |=0的根全部配置于z平面原点,并将对象系统矩阵 F 与输出矩阵 P 代入重构误差特征方程,可得X、Y两轴的最少拍观测器增益矩阵 Kvx =[-0.6288 1.1926]和 Kvy =[0.1863 0.4734]。
HOYOÁ, HÄGGLUNDT, GUZMÁNJ L, et al. A Practical Solution to the Saturation Problem in Feedforward Control for Measurable Disturbances[J]. Control Engineering Practice, 2023, 139: 105636.
[2]
RENChao, LIXiaohan, YANGXuebo, et al. Extended State Observer-based Sliding Mode Control of an Omnidirectional Mobile Robot with Friction Compensation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2019, 66(12): 9480-9489.
WEIQiong, JIAOZongxia, WANGJun, et al. Control of Pneumatic Position Servo with LuGre Model-based Friction Compensation[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2018, 54(20): 131-138.
CHENJingwen, WANGPeirui, WANGHongyan, et al. Feedforward Variable Compensation Strategy of PMSM Based on Load Torque Observer[J]. Power Electronics, 2021, 55(8): 47-50.
[7]
LIULu, TIANSiyuan, XUEDingyu, et al. Industrial Feedforward Control Technology: a Review[J]. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 2019, 30(8): 2819-2833.
[8]
DAILuyao, LIXin, ZHUYu, et al. Quantitative Tracking Error Analysis and Feedforward Compensation under Different Model-based Feedforward Controllers in Different Control Architectures[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2021, 68(1): 381-390.
CHENXinglin, LIUChuan, ZHOUNaixin, et al. Controller Design Based on ZPETC-FF and DOB for Precision Motion Platform[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2014, 46(1): 1-6.
[11]
PRATIKP, BHENDEC N. Pole–Zero Placement Based Feed-forward Damping Control for Virtual Synchronous Generators in Power Systems with Inverter-based Resources[J]. Electric Power Systems Research, 2026, 256: 112899.
[12]
HUANGTiexiong, HUGuangdi, YANYan, et al. Combined Feedforward and Error-based Active Disturbance Rejection Control for Diesel Particulate Filter Thermal Regeneration[J]. ISA Transactions, 2023, 134: 28-41.
[13]
NGUYEN-KHACH M, ALYOUSSEFF, BECHA, et al. Advanced Feedforward Control Techniques: Comprehensive Review and a Real-time Industrial Application[J]. Annual Reviews in Control, 2026, 61: 101044.
LIBiao, LILu, LIJiayu, et al. Composite Control for Aerospace Electromechanical Servo Systems with Feedforward[J]. Aerospace Control, 2024, 42(5): 23-29.
WANGHaowei. Analysis and Simulation Research on the Principle of Helicopter Model Following Variable Stability Control[J]. Automation Application, 2024, 65(3): 89-91.
TANGYu. Research on Control Technology of AC Servo System Based on Model Tracking[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2021: 38-60.
ZHANGHaiyang, LIJifang, XIONGJunhua, et al. Control Strategy for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with 2-DOF PI Control Based on ESO[J]. Electric Machines & Control Application, 2021, 48(5): 40-45.
[22]
SZCZEPANSKIR, TARCZEWSKIT, GRZESIAKL M. Application of Optimization Algorithms to Adaptive Motion Control for Repetitive Process[J]. ISA Transactions, 2021, 115: 192-205.
WANGXiaoyu, LIYongji, KONGDean. Research on Frequency Regulation Optimization Control Strategy for Thermal Power Unit Based on Feedforward Compensation and FOPID[J]. Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power, 2026, 41(4): 129-138.
HUANGKeyuan, ZHOUTaotao, HUANGShoudao, et al. CNC Position Servo System with Feedforward Compensation and Differential Feedback[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2014, 25(15): 2017-2023.
LUHao, HUJianhua, WANGYunkuan, et al. Position Servo System Based on Adaptive Tracking-differentiator Controller[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2016, 27(21): 2915-2919.
YEBosheng, TANShuai, LIHan, et al. Research on Trajectory Planning and Tracking Control of Mobile Robot Based on Tracking Differentiator[J]. Machine Tool & Hydraulics, 2022, 50(11): 1-7.
WEIJinwen, QINHequn, et al. Recognizing Data Fitting Based on the Robustness of Generalized Cross Product[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2011, 47(14): 7-12.
LIZhen, ZHAOHuan, WANGHui, et al. Research on Contact Steady-state Adaptive Force Tracking of Robot Grinding and Polishing[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022, 58(9): 200-209.
ZHOUHuawei, WANGChengming, SUNDawan, et al. A Unified Fault-tolerant Control of Five-phase PMSM Based on Simplified Finite Control Set Model Predictive Current Control[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2024, 44(1): 269-279.
SONGXiaoxuan, LINZhenwei, ZHAOLina, et al. Adaptive State Feedback Control for Unmanned Surface Vessels with Fixed-time Prescribed Performance[J]. Automation & Instrumentation, 2026(1): 115-120.