海南岛超强台风“摩羯”建构筑物灾害调研与防灾减灾

Field investigation of building and structural damage induced by Super Typhoon Yagi in Hainan Island and implications for disaster prevention and mitigation

摘要

热带气旋（ “飓风”或“台风”）是全球最具破坏性的自然灾害之一，其影响范围广泛，造成的生命财产损失巨大。现有数据表明，全球气候变化使得热带气旋的移速减缓，但由热带气旋引发的降雨量与移速呈现反比关系；此外，虽然全球热带气旋总数呈下降趋势，但4～5级飓风（即超强台风）活动频率整体上升。2017年大西洋飓风季造成美国1 250亿美元的经济损失；2025年美国德克萨斯州飓风引发强降雨，导致逾130人丧生。海南岛处于台风生成及移动的区域，是中国受台风影响最频繁的地区之一。2014年超强台风“威马逊”登陆文昌市，成为有气象记录以来登陆中国的最强台风（登陆强度70 m·s⁻¹），海南岛因灾死亡或失踪24人，直接经济损失达110亿元人民币。2024年，超强台风“摩羯”以仅次于超强台风“威马逊”的强度（登陆强度62 m·s⁻¹），同样登陆文昌市，其破坏力却远超超强台风“威马逊”，造成海南岛死亡4人，直接经济损失超600亿元人民币。　　超强台风“摩羯”（国际编号：2411）于2024年9月1日在菲律宾以东洋面生成，6日在文昌市翁田镇沿海登陆（中心最低气压915 hPa），后穿过海口市和澄迈县等地移入琼州海峡，随后移入北部湾海面。海南岛12级及以上风圈覆盖区域受影响超9 h，远超2014年超强台风“威马逊”的3 h，文昌测得的最低气压和最强风速均突破中国所有台风过程陆地实测值。4～8日，海南岛普降暴雨到大暴雨，最大降雨量为乐东县尖峰镇691.2 mm，文昌市降雨量突破当地历史9月的日最大降雨量极值。海口市转移群众超过10万人，倒塌房屋约400间，房屋损坏超过3万间，农作物受灾面积达570 km²，直接经济损失超过263亿元；文昌市房屋受损达2.5万余间，农作物受灾面积约180 km²，绝收面积高达110 km²，经济损失约达327亿元。近年来海南省通过修订工程建设与设施设备使用规范，并完善灾前应急预案，显著提升了台风防御能力，使得人员伤亡数量明显下降。但随着沿海地区人口与经济持续增长，超强台风所带来的风险不断攀升，造成的经济损失也愈发难以承受。　　在世界范围内，从气象角度的热带气旋生成发展基础理论及预报研究已成体系，相关研究成果在降低热带气旋灾害上发挥了重要作用，但超强台风登陆的偶发性和区域差异显著等特征，使得其强大动力对地表影响研究相对匮乏，尚缺乏充分的数据和经验来系统揭示其致灾规律，对于其适应性及防灾减灾策略还未形成成熟的解决方案。作为重大灾害评估及科学研究的基本手段，系统的现场调研至关重要。超强台风“摩羯”过境海南岛后，海南大学土木建筑工程学院组织近百名师生，成立多学科交叉的台风灾害调研团队，赴受灾区域开展实地调研工作，主体调研历时十余日。调研范围覆盖超强台风“摩羯”10～17级风圈区域，以受灾明显的9类建构筑物（建筑围护结构、高层建筑、高耸结构/钢结构、临时建筑、农业温室建筑、道路基础设施、光伏结构、电力通信设施和风力发电系统）以及海岸侵蚀和树木倒伏状况为调研对象，涉及调研单体（场地）超1 000个（处）。调研采用“空−天−地”多源数据采集方法，通过实地走访了解建构筑物背景信息，记录结构损伤形态与程度，结合手持激光测距仪和加速度传感器等设备量化破坏参数；利用卫星遥感与无人机航拍数据分析海岸侵蚀及树木倒伏情况；采用问卷调查与主观感知量化高层建筑风致振动舒适度。数据处理上，依据功能和区位分布等特征对调研对象进行分类，并对灾害损失情况进行等级划分，从而总结灾害损伤规律，同时选取典型单体对象，深入分析灾损成因。调研工作得到了海南省气象局、海南省住房和城乡建设厅、海南省交通运输厅、海南省应急管理厅、海南省自然资源和规划厅等单位的支持和指导。临高县东英镇人民政府、定安县水冲坡村、耕读山房和美鳌村村委会等单位在实地考察和信息收集方面提供了大量帮助。海南信义矿业有限公司、海南浙联钢构集团有限公司、海南海控中能建工程有限公司、文昌鲁能希尔顿酒店、海南智普农业科技发展有限公司和海南雅邦集成房屋有限公司等企业也给予了积极配合与支持。　　调研结果显示，海口市和文昌市多处气象站录得的风压超建筑设计荷载标准，部分地区因地形效应出现风速增强现象，如海口湾附近高层建筑群因狭管效应导致局地风速增幅达20%～30%，迎风面建筑围护结构承受的动态风压峰值超过5 kPa（超出常规建筑设计荷载标准近50%）；现有建筑围护结构、临时建筑、电力设施和农业温室建筑抗台风能力不足，针对台风灾害易损区域，亟需修订相关建设规范；文昌市砂质海岸线整体呈现米级后退，需高度重视并制定长期保护方案；强降雨和树木倒伏等次生灾害严重影响公路和城市道路使用寿命，需结合排水系统和行道树设计等提高韧性；树木倒伏状况与其种类、所处地理位置及周边建筑环境都有直接关系，合理的空间布局能降低灾害损失。超强台风“摩羯”的防灾救灾工作再一次证明，通信、交通和水电的保障是应急处置的核心，对于降低灾害损失、减少人员伤亡具有关键作用，要加强相关标准建设以及新防灾减灾技术的应用。超强台风“摩羯”的作用区域及破坏程度与其所处的地理位置、地形和土地利用等因素直接关联，具有显著地域性。鉴于有记录以来登陆中国的2次最强台风均在文昌市登陆，并给海南岛造成了巨大的经济损失，建议在海南岛成立台风防灾减灾研究中心，系统研究海南岛台风灾害发生规律、防灾避灾减灾与灾后恢复重建等方面的创新技术、法律法规及政策措施，开展国际交流与合作，服务政府科学决策。

Abstract

Tropical cyclones (also known as hurricanes or typhoons) are among the most destructive natural disasters globally, causing huge fatalities and economic losses annually. Existing data indicate that global climate change has slowed the translation speed of tropical cyclones, and an inverse relationship exists between translation speed and cyclone-induced rainfall. Furthermore, while the total number of tropical cyclones worldwide shows a declining trend, the frequency of Category 4~5 hurricanes (i.e., super typhoons) has increased overall. The 2017 Atlantic hurricane season caused economic losses of US$125 billion in the United States. In 2025, a hurricane in Texas triggered heavy rainfall, resulting in over 130 fatalities. Hainan Island is located along the core generation and movement path of typhoons, making it one of the regions in China most frequently affected by these storms. In 2014, Super Typhoon Rammasun made landfall in Wenchang, Hainan Province, becoming the strongest typhoon on record to strike China (landfall intensity 70 m·s⁻¹). It caused 24 deaths or missing persons on Hainan Island and direct economic losses of RMB¥11 billion. In 2024, Super Typhoon Yagi, with a landfall intensity second only to that of Super Typhoon Rammasun (62 m·s⁻¹), similarly made landfall in Wenchang, Hainan Province. However, its destructive impact far exceeded that of the Super Typhoon Rammasun, causing 4 deaths and direct economic losses exceeding RMB¥60 billion in Hainan Island.　　Super Typhoon Yagi (international designation: 2411) formed over the ocean east of the Philippines on September 1, 2024, and made landfall along the coast of Wengtian, Wenchang on September 6 (minimum central pressure 915 hPa). It then crossed Haikou and Chengmai before moving into the Qiongzhou Strait and subsequently entering the Beibu Gulf. The area on Hainan Island covered by Force-12-and-above winds was affected for over 9 hours, far exceeding the 3 hours during Super Typhoon Rammasun in 2014. The minimum pressure and maximum wind speed recorded in Wenchang both broke all previous land-based observational records for typhoons in China. From September 4 to 8, Hainan Island experienced widespread heavy to torrential rain, with a maximum accumulated rainfall of 691.2 mm at Jianfeng town, Ledong. Wenchang's precipitation broke its historical daily maximum rainfall record for September. In Haikou, more than 100,000 people were evacuated, about 400 houses collapsed, over 30,000 houses were damaged, the crop-affected area reached 570 km², and direct economic losses exceeded RMB¥26.3 billion. In Wenchang, more than 25,000 houses were damaged, the crop-affected area was about 180 km² (with 110 km² of total crop failure), and economic losses amounted to approximately RMB¥32.7 billion. In recent years, Hainan Province has significantly improved its typhoon defense capabilities by revising engineering construction and equipment-use standards and refining pre-disaster emergency plans, leading to a notable reduction in casualties. However, with continued population and economic growth in coastal areas, the risks posed by super typhoons continue to rise, and the resulting economic losses are becoming increasingly difficult to bear.　　Worldwide, foundational theories and forecasting research on the generation and development of tropical cyclones from a meteorological perspective have been well established, and related findings have played a significant role in reducing tropical cyclone disasters. However, the sporadic occurrence of landfalling super typhoons and their marked regional variability have resulted in relatively limited research on their powerful dynamic impacts on the ground. There is still a lack of sufficient data and experience to systematically reveal their disaster-causing mechanisms, and mature solutions for adaptation and disaster prevention and mitigation strategies have yet to be developed. As a fundamental means for major disaster assessment and scientific research, systematic field investigations are crucial. Following the passage of Super Typhoon Yagi across Hainan Island in 2024, the School of Civil Engineering and Architecture of Hainan University organized an interdisciplinary typhoon disaster investigation team composed of nearly one hundred faculty and students. The team conducted field surveys in the affected areas for over ten days. The survey covered regions within the Force-10-to-17 wind circles of Super Typhoon Yagi and focused on nine categories of buildings and structures that showed obvious damage (building envelopes, high-rise buildings, tall/steel structures, temporary buildings, agricultural greenhouse buildings, road infrastructure, photovoltaic structures, power and communication facilities, wind power generation systems), as well as coastal erosion and treefall conditions. More than 1,000 individual structures/sites were surveyed. A multi-source “space-air-ground” data acquisition approach was adopted: field studies were carried out to collect background information and record structural damage patterns and severity; handheld laser rangefinders and accelerometers were used to quantify damage parameters; satellite remote sensing and UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) aerial imagery were employed to analyze coastal erosion and treefall; questionnaire surveys and subjective perception assessments were applied to quantify wind-induced vibration comfort in high-rise buildings. For data processing, most surveyed objects were classified according to function, location distribution, and other characteristics, and disaster losses were graded to summarize damage patterns. Representative cases were selected for in-depth analysis of disaster causes. The investigation received support and guidance from the Hainan Meteorological Service, Hainan Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Hainan Provincial Department of Transportation, Hainan Provincial Department of Emergency Management, and Hainan Provincial Department of Natural Resources and Planning. Substantial assistance during field visits and data collection was provided by the People’s Government of Dongying Town in Lingao County, Gengdushanfang, the Mei’ao Village Committee, and Shuichongpo Village in Ding’an County. Enterprises including Hainan Xinyi Mining Co., Ltd., Hainan Zhelian Steel Structure Group Co., Ltd., Hainan Holdings & Energy China Co., Ltd., Wenchang Luneng Hilton Hotel, Hainan Zhipu Agricultural Technology Development Co., Ltd., and Hainan Yabang Integrated Housing Co., Ltd. also offered active cooperation and support.　　The investigation results show that many meteorological stations recorded wind pressures exceeding the design load standards for buildings, and wind-speed amplification due to topographic effects was observed in some areas. For instance, the high-rise building cluster near Haikou Bay experienced a local wind-speed increase of 20%~30% due to the Venturi effect; the peak dynamic wind pressure on windward building envelopes exceeded 5 kPa (nearly 50% above the design load for conventional buildings). Existing building envelopes, temporary structures, power facilities, and agricultural greenhouse buildings exhibited insufficient resistance to super typhoons, indicating an urgent need to revise relevant construction codes in typhoon-prone regions. The sandy coastline in Wenchang showed shoreline retreat on the order of meters, necessitating heightened attention and the formulation of long-term protection strategies. Secondary hazards such as heavy rainfall and treefall severely impacted the service life of highways and urban roads; resilience should be enhanced through improved drainage systems and roadside tree planning. Treefall patterns were directly related to geographic location, surrounding built environment, and tree species; rational spatial planning can help reduce disaster losses. The disaster prevention and emergency response to Super Typhoon Yagi once again demonstrated that securing communications, transportation, and water and power supply is central to emergency management and plays a key role in reducing losses and casualties. It is essential to strengthen relevant standards and promote the application of new disaster prevention and mitigation technologies in these sectors. The impact area and damage severity of super typhoons are directly linked to geographical location, terrain, land use and other factors, exhibiting marked regional characteristics. Given that the two strongest typhoons on record to strike China both landfall in Wenchang, Hainan Province, causing enormous economic losses to Hainan Island, it is recommended to establish a Typhoon Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Research Center in Hainan Island. The center would systematically investigate the occurrence patterns of typhoon disasters, innovative technologies for disaster prevention, avoidance, mitigation and post-disaster recovery, as well as related laws, regulations and policy measures, while fostering international exchange and cooperation to support scientific decision-making by the government.

关键词

超强台风“摩羯” / 建构筑物 / 风灾调研 / 破坏模式 / 防风减灾

Key words

Super Typhoon Yagi / buildings and structures / wind damage investigation / failure mode / wind disaster prevention and mitigation

作者贡献说明

刘婉秋负责海南岛超强台风“摩羯”建构筑物灾害调研与防灾减灾项目立项，负责引言、道路基础设施、海岸侵蚀部分稿件成稿，论文框架搭建，论文整体撰写和修订等工作。

王奇为共同第一作者，负责综述、风力发电、振动舒适度部分数据调研，负责风力发电、振动舒适度部分内容的撰写和修订。

霍旭杰负责论文文字编排、初稿修订等工作。

蒋伊琳负责组织围护结构、临时建筑部分数据调研，汇总数据并分析，临时建筑部分内容撰写，论文图片美化。

孙天舒负责围护结构部分数据调研，负责围护结构部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

钟有亮负责超强台风“摩羯”基本气象数据整理、成稿。

姜柳负责高耸结构−钢结构、电力通信设施与振动舒适度等部分的数据调研，负责高耸结构−钢结构、振动舒适度内容的初稿撰写和修订。

尚喆雄负责高耸结构−钢结构、高层建筑、电力通信设施等部分数据调研，负责电力通信设施内容的初稿撰写和修订。

张海滨负责光伏发电站部分数据调研，负责光伏发电站部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

段书苏负责道路基础设施、树木倒伏部分数据调研，负责道路基础设施、树木倒伏部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

张友良负责建筑围护结构、高层建筑、高耸结构/钢结构、临时建筑、农业温室建筑、道路基础设施、光伏结构、电力通信设施和风力发电系统等数据调研及论文内容指导工作。

王珍珍负责树木倒伏、海岸侵蚀部分数据调研，负责树木倒伏、海岸侵蚀部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

上官贝琪参与海岸侵蚀部分数据调研，参与海岸侵蚀部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

邰嘉浩参与高层建筑部分数据调研，负责高层建筑部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

陆晓婉参与电力通信设施部分数据调研，参与电力通信设施内容的初稿撰写和修订。

付建存参与海岸侵蚀部分数据调研，参与海岸侵蚀部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

杨虓参与风力发电部分数据调研，参与风力发电部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

冯业宝参与道路基础设施部分数据调研，参与道路基础设施部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

李雨龙负责引言部分参考文献收集和整理。

杜小月参与高层建筑、振动舒适度部分数据调研，参与振动舒适度部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

王子龙参与高耸结构−钢结构、电力通信设施部分的数据调研，参与电力通信设施内容的初稿撰写和修订。

罗崇航参与高耸结构−钢结构部分的数据调研，参与高耸结构−钢结构内容的初稿撰写和修订。

黄斌负责农业温室建筑部分数据调研，负责农业温室建筑部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

刘豫安参与围护结构部分、临时建筑部分的数据调研，参与围护结构内容初稿撰写和修订。

姜霖参与临时建筑部分数据调研，负责临时建筑部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

朱丽玮参与临时建筑部分数据调研，负责临时建筑部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

赵雁参与围护结构、临时建筑部分数据调研，负责临时建筑部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

张亿先参与围护结构、临时建筑部分数据调研，负责临时建筑部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

钟昌廷参与电力通信设施等部分数据调研，负责电力通信设施内容的初稿撰写和修订。

张素馨参与高耸结构/钢结构部分、电力通信设施的数据调研。

魏斐斐参与海岸侵蚀部分数据调研，参与海岸侵蚀内容的初稿撰写和修订。

李玉梅参与超强台风“摩羯”的气象数据整理。

班启昌参与电力通信设施内容的初稿撰写和修订。

黄均溢参与电力通信设施部分数据调研，参与电力通信设施内容的初稿撰写和修订。

陈世赢参与电力通信设施内容的初稿撰写和修订。

李勋煜参与农业温室建筑部分数据调研，参与农业温室建筑部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

李昆锦参与树木倒伏、海岸侵蚀部分数据调研，参与树木倒伏、海岸侵蚀部分数据调研部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

苏永辉参与海岸侵蚀部分数据调研，参与海岸侵蚀部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

陈焰参与高层建筑部分数据调研。

何光元参与围护结构部分、临时建筑部分的数据调研，参与围护结构内容初稿撰写和修订。

陈宇参与高耸结构/钢结构部分的数据调研，参与高耸结构/钢结构内容的初稿撰写和修订。

杨忻峰参与电力通信设施等部分数据调研，参与电力通信设施内容的初稿撰写和修订。

董立业参与风力发电部分数据调研。

韩飞宇参与调研和材料整理。

李少康参与引言部分参考文献整理。

刘大聪参与道路基础设施部分数据调研。

薛发榜负责道路基础设施、树木倒伏部分数据调研。

王少斐参与风力发电部分数据调研。

张冲参与高层建筑部分数据调研。

赵涛参与风力发电部分数据调研。

胡波负责收集海南省公路基础信息数据，并参与部分调研工作。

马未负责对接临时建筑部分工程项目，组织调研和后续图片整理工作。

余字秉参与农业温室建筑部分数据调研。

王予红参与道路基础设施调研工作，对调研方向、文章的整理提供指导。

曾加东参与部分数据调研工作。

李良勇参与海岸侵蚀部分数据调研，负责海岸侵蚀部分内容的初稿撰写和修订。

单波参与前期调研工作。

肖天崟参与围护结构部分数据调研。

曾晓辉参与围护结构部分数据调研并协助组织数据调研及整理工作。

任学斌参与调研、论文规划及内容指导工作。

贾俊峰参与调研数据分析及论文修订工作。

乔冠东负责高层建筑、道路基础设施与振动舒适度等部分数据调研，负责高层建筑、振动舒适度部分内容的初稿撰写和修订；负责调研项目整体资料收集汇总。

周智负责组织调研队伍，调研过程管理，数据收集，论文框架搭建，论文质量把关。

欧进萍负责论文整体把关，提供修改建议。

AI使用说明

本文未使用人工智能（AI）协助撰写。

利益冲突说明

作者声明，其不存在已知的可能影响本论文所报告工作的竞争性经济利益或个人关系。

伦理声明

不适用：本文不涉及人类或动物的生物学研究。

数据可用性

支持论文结论所需的所有数据均已包含在稿件和/或电子补充材料中。如需获取与本文相关的其他数据，可向通信作者提出申请。超强台风摩羯的相关数据，由海南省气象台提供。

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This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)刘婉秋，王奇，霍旭杰，等. 海南岛超强台风“摩羯”建构筑物灾害调研与防灾减灾[J]. 海南大学学报（自然科学版中英文），2026，44（3）：239−336Liu Wanqiu, Wang Qi, Huo Xujie, et al. Field investigation of building and structural damage induced by Super Typhoon Yagi in Hainan Island and implications for disaster prevention and mitigation[J]. Natural Science of Hainan University，2026，44（3）：239−336