激光熔覆制备 316L+10% Cr ₃ C ₂ 涂层及性能表征

Laser cladding of 316L+10% Cr ₃ C ₂ coating and its performance characterization

摘要

[目的] 探究最佳激光熔覆工艺参数，以提高 Q235 钢的硬度及耐腐蚀性能。[方法] 利用同轴送粉激光熔覆技术，在Q235 钢表面制备了 316L 不锈钢 + 10% Cr ₃C ₂ 复合涂层，通过调控激光功率、扫描速率与送粉速率 3 个工艺参数，开展单道熔覆试验，优化熔覆工艺。[结果] 最佳工艺参数(激光功率 2 000 W、扫描速率 6 mm/s、送粉速率 4 r/min)下涂层成形良好，稀释率低，组织致密有序，显微硬度达 628 HV _0.1，是基体的 4 倍以上，较单一 316L 熔覆层有较大提升。电化学阻抗谱和动电位极化曲线测试结果证实了在上述最佳工艺参数下制备的涂层具有比单一 316L 熔覆层更优异的耐腐蚀性能。[结论] 最佳参数下制备的 316L+10% Cr ₃C ₂ 涂层综合性能最优，兼具高硬度和优异的耐腐蚀性能。

Abstract

[Objective] To explore the optimal laser cladding process parameters for improving the hardness and corrosion resistance of Q235 steel. [Method] A 316L stainless steel + 10% Cr ₃C ₂ composite coating was prepared on the surface of Q235 steel by coaxial powder-feeding laser cladding technology. Single-factor cladding experiments were conducted by adjusting three process parameters i.e. laser power, scanning speed, and powder feeding rate, in order to optimize the cladding process. [Result] Under the optimal parameters (laser power of 2 000 W, scanning speed of 6 mm/s, and powder feed rate of 4 r/min), the coating exhibited good formability, low dilution rate, and a compact and orderly microstructure. Its microhardness reached 628 HV _0.1, more than 4 times that of the substrate, representing a significant improvement compared with a pure 316L cladding layer. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization curve measurements confirmed that the coating prepared under the optimal parameters had better corrosion resistance than the pure 316L cladding layer. [Conclusion] The 316L+10% Cr ₃C ₂ coating prepared under the optimal parameters exhibits the best comprehensive performance, combining high hardness with excellent corrosion resistance.

关键词

奥氏体不锈钢 / 碳化铬 / 复合涂层 / 激光熔覆 / 显微组织 / 显微硬度 / 耐蚀性

Key words

austenitic stainless steel / chromium carbide / composite coating / laser cladding / microstructure / microhardness / corrosion resistance

参考文献

[1] 李思捷, 孟君晟, 陈志辉, 等. 工艺参数对氩弧熔覆 TiC+Al ₂O ₃/Ni复合涂层稀释率及显微硬度的影响 [J]. 机械工程材料, 2024, 48(10): 35-40.

[2] LI S J , MENG J S , CHEN Z H , et al. Effect of process parameters on dilution rate and microhardness of argon arc cladding TiC+Al ₂O ₃/Ni composite coating [J]. Materials for Mechanical Engineering, 2024, 48(10): 35-40.

[3] 高文杰, 徐良旭. Q235 钢表面TIG+激光重熔制备锆基涂层研究[J]. 焊接技术, 2022, 51(9): 17-21.

[4] GAO W J , XU L X. Study on preparation of zirconium-based coating on Q235 steel surface by TIG+laser remelting[J]. Welding Technology, 2022, 51(9): 17-21.

[5] ZHOU L , MA G Z , WANG H D , et al. High-speed laser cladded Ni-based cermet coating with high ceramic phase content derived from core-shell structured powder[J]. Surface & Coatings Technology, 2024, 489: 131110.

[6] HE G C , GUO W L , ZHOU L L , et al. Enhanced fretting wear resistance of 2A12 aluminium alloys through laser shock peening without coating[J]. Tribology International, 2025, 208: 110646.

[7] RICHERT M. Thermally sprayed coatings for the protection of industrial fan blades[J]. Materials, 2024, 17(16): 3903.

[8] XIE B Y , GAO K. Research progress of surface treatment technologies on titanium alloys: a mini review[J]. Coatings, 2023, 13(9): 1486.

[9] BAKER K , BROWN H , GEBRE F , et al. Atomic layer deposition of nickel using Ni(dmamb) ₂ and ZnO adhesion layer without plasma [J]. Nanomanufacturing and Metrology, 2024, 7(1): 19.

[10] BAI Q F , CHEN C , LI Q H , et al. Status of research on assisted laser cladding and laser cladding posttreatment: a review[J]. Physics of Metals and Metallography, 2024, 125(13): 1648-1663.

[11] SHANKAR A R , SHANKAR V , GEORGE R P , et al. Enhancing the intergranular corrosion resistance of high-nitrogen-containing 316L stainless steels by grain boundary engineering via thermomechanical treatment[J]. Corrosion, 2020, 76(9): 835-842.

[12] EZHILMARAN V , ANAND P S P , DANIEL S A , et al. Mechanical, tribological, and corrosion properties of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2025, 34(22): 26944-26957.

[13] LODHI M J K , DEEN K M , GREENLEE-WACKER M C , et al. Additively manufactured 316L stainless steel with improved corrosion resistance and biological response for biomedical applications[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2019, 27: 8-19.

[14] LACERDA F G B , TAVARES S S M , PEREZ G , et al. Failure investigation of an AISI 316L pipe of the flare system in an off-shore oil platform[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2025, 167: 108939.

[15] 白梅. Q235钢表面激光熔覆316L涂层及316L/Al ₂O ₃复合涂层研究 [D]. 太原: 中北大学, 2015.

[16] BAI M. Research on laser cladding 316L coating and 316L/Al ₂O ₃ composite coatings on the surface of Q235 steel [D]. Taiyuan: North University of China, 2015.

[17] FENG Z H , LIANG R R , LIANG S , et al. Synergistic mechanism of HVOF coating and PVD film in tribo-corrosion behaviors of Cr ₃C ₂-NiCr/DLC duplex coatings [J]. Diamond & Related Materials, 2025, 154: 112124.

[18] BARTKOWSKI D , BARTKOWSKA A. Manufacturing process, microstructure and physico-mechanical properties of W-Cr Coatings reinforced by Cr ₃C ₂ phase produced on tool steel through laser processing [J]. Materials, 2023, 16(13): 4542.

[19] FAN X J , LI W S , YANG J , et al. Effect of Cr ₃C ₂ content on microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of Ni ₃Al-based coatings [J]. Surface & Coatings Technology, 2023, 466: 129597.

[20] 辛茂林, 尹桂丽, 崔挪挪, 等. 激光直接沉积Cr ₃C ₂增强Fe60 复合涂层的组织与性能 [J]. 应用激光, 2025, 45(4): 10-18.

[21] XIN M L , YIN G L , CUI N N , et al. Microstructure and properties of Cr ₃C ₂doped Fe60 composite coating prepared by laser direct deposition [J]. Applied Laser, 2025, 45(4): 10-18.

[22] CHEN Y , XU Y L , LI T , et al. Fabrication and characterization of self-lubricating anti-wear 316L stainless steel/h-BN composite coatings on Q235 substrate via laser cladding[J]. Optics and Laser Technology, 2025, 180: 111564.

[23] MOHANKUMAR A , DURAISAMY T , PACKKIRISAMY V. Optimizing cold spray process parameters for AA2024/Al ₂O ₃ coatings to minimize wear loss via response surface methodology and particle swarm optimization [J]. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2025, 39(17): 2686-2709.

[24] SHAHAN H T , ZAINUDDIN S , HARRY R , et al. Evaluating mechanical integrity of 3D-printed PLA and ABS by varying process parameters[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2026, 35(3): 2439-2448.

[25] WANG G Q , CHEN M S , LI H B , et al. Methods and mechanisms for uniformly refining deformed mixed and coarse grains inside a solution-treated Ni-based superalloy by two-stage heat treatment[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2021, 77: 47-57.

[26] XIN L W , SHI X L , HOU S K , et al. Tailoring microstructure, fracture, and mechanical properties of brass/steel composites via strain accumulation and encapsulation annealing[J]. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 25(5/6): 248.

[27] 陈翀宇, 卓健飞, 谢新, 等. Cr ₃C ₂ 质量浓度对 Co-Cr ₃C ₂ 复合镀层微观结构及耐磨性的影响 [J]. 电镀与涂饰, 2024, 43(8): 18-26.

[28] CHEN C Y , ZHUO J F , XIE X , et al. Effect of Cr ₃C ₂ concentration on microstructure and wear resistance of electroplated Co-Cr ₃C ₂ composite coating [J]. Electroplating & Finishing, 2024, 43(8): 18-26.

[29] REN R , WU Y C , TANG W M , et al. Synthesis and grain growth kinetics of in-situ FeAl matrix nanocomposites (Ⅰ): mechanical alloying of Fe-Al-Ti-B composite powder[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2007, 17(5): 919-924.

[30] 高心心, 刘雨, 梁晓明, 等. 静、动态充氢对 1000 MPa 级高强钢腐蚀及氢脆性能的影响[J]. 电镀与精饰, 2024, 46(12): 56-60.

[31] GAO X X , LIU Y , LIANG X M , et al. The influence of static and dynamic hydrogen charging on the corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement properties of 1000 MPa high-strength steel[J]. Plating and Finishing, 2024, 46(12): 56-60.

[32] ZHANG W , LI Z Y , XU C , et al. Surface characteristics of NiTi cardiovascular stents by selective laser melting and electrochemical polishing[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2024, 130(1/2): 623-634.

[33] BHAT R S , MUNJUNATHA K B , BHAT S I , et al. Electrochemical studies of Zn-Ni-Fe alloy coatings for better corrosion resistance applications[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2022, 31(8): 6819-6826.

[34] KHIABANI A , RAZEGHI K , MAHDIPANAH M M , et al. Electrochemical and mechanical characteristics of Al-(x)SiC composite fabricated by high energy compaction [J]. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 2022, 99(9): 100620.

基金资助

山东省自然科学基金(ZR2020ME161)