铝合金草酸−硫酸阳极氧化时间对膜层结构及耐磨性的影响

Effect of anodizing time on structure and wear resistance of oxalic−sulfuric acid anodized film on aluminum alloy

摘要

[目的]针对 6061 铝合金零件表面阳极氧化膜在加工和使用过程中出现的掉块、硬度不足等问题，研究氧化时间对草酸−硫酸阳极氧化膜结构与性能的影响。[方法]采用涡流测厚仪、扫描电镜、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机、压痕法等手段，研究了氧化时间对膜层厚度、微观形貌、硬度、比磨损率及断裂韧性的影响。[结果]随氧化时间延长，膜层厚度持续增大，生长速率呈先升后降再升的变化趋势。膜层硬度和耐磨性先提高后降低，氧化 105 min 时达到峰值显微硬度 409 HV 和最低比磨损率 0.87 × 10 −5 mm 3/(N·m)；超过 105 min 后性能急剧劣化，125 min 时的比磨损率约为 105 min 时的 10 倍，显微硬度下降 54 HV。断裂韧性随氧化时间先增后减，85 min 时膜层最致密，断裂韧性达 16 MPa·m 1/2。综合考虑氧化膜的耐磨性和断裂韧性，6061 铝合金草酸−硫酸阳极氧化的较佳时间为 85 ~ 105 min。[结论]合理控制阳极氧化时间可有效兼顾膜层的抗磨损能力与抗开裂性能。本文可为缓解活门、衬套类零件的掉块及硬度不足问题提供工艺参考。

Abstract

[Objective] To address the issues of chipping and insufficient hardness of anodic oxide film on 6061 aluminum alloy parts during processing and service, the effect of anodizing time on the microstructure and properties of oxalic–sulfuric acid anodized films were studied. [Method] The effects of anodizing time on film thickness, microstructure, microhardness, specific wear rate, and fracture toughness were studied using eddy current thickness gauge, scanning electron microscopy, microhardness tester, friction and wear tester, and indentation method. [Result] With increasing anodizing time, the film thickness increased continuously, and the growth rate exhibited a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and then increasing again. The microhardness and wear resistance of the film first increased and then decreased. At an anodizing time of 105 min, the film reached a peak microhardness of 409 HV and a minimum specific wear rate of 0.87 × 10 ⁻⁵ mm ³/(N·m). Beyond 105 min, the performance deteriorated sharply: the specific wear rate at 125 min was about ten times that at 105 min, and the microhardness decreased by 54 HV. The fracture toughness first increased and then decreased with anodizing time. The film was the most compact at 85 min, achieving a fracture toughness of 16 MPa·m ^1/2. Considering both wear resistance and fracture toughness, the optimal anodizing time for 6061 aluminum alloy in the oxalic−sulfuric acid system was 85-105 min. [Conclusion] Proper control of anodizing time can effectively balance the wear resistance and crack resistance of the film. This work provides a process reference for alleviating the problems of chipping and insufficient hardness in valve and bushing parts.

关键词

铝合金 / 草酸−硫酸体系 / 阳极氧化 / 组织结构 / 耐磨性 / 断裂韧性

Key words

aluminum alloy / oxalic−sulfuric acid system / anodization / microstructure / wear resistance / fracture toughness

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