四种接地材料在酸性环境中耐蚀性的快速评价

Rapid assessment of corrosion resistance for four grounding materials in acidic environment

摘要

[目的]随着接地材料在电力系统中的应用日益增多，如何快速评价不同材料在酸性土壤中的耐蚀性已成为决定其推广使用的关键所在。为此，对比研究了工业纯铜、纯锌、铝青铜和铝镍青铜 4 种典型材料的耐蚀性快速检测条件。[方法]考察了温度、氧化剂种类及浓度变化对金属表面腐蚀形貌的影响。[结果]常温条件下，在 pH = 4.2 的稀盐酸溶液中纯锌表面即出现大量腐蚀斑点，而纯铜、铝青铜和铝镍青铜均无明显现象，就算在 70 °C 下也无法区分这三者的耐蚀性。于是选用过硫酸钾(K ₂S ₂O ₈)作为氧化剂，将酸性溶液加热至 40 °C 后，浸泡试样于其中 10 min。该方法可现场快速检测纯铜、铝青铜和铝镍青铜的耐蚀性。在酸溶液中浸泡 10 min 后，纯铜表面出现多而大的黑斑，铝青铜有多而小的黑斑，铝镍青铜表面黑斑较少。这 3 种材料腐蚀程度的排序为：纯铜 > 铝青铜 > 铝镍青铜。随着 K ₂S ₂O ₈ 的添加量增大，腐蚀加剧，质量分数 1.5% ~ 3.0%的 K ₂S ₂O ₈ 可有效区分 3 种材料的耐蚀性差异。扫描电镜(SEM)、三维轮廓仪、X 射线衍射仪(XRD)及 X 射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)的分析结果表明，铝镍青铜在酸性溶液中表面形成的致密氧化物复合保护层是其耐蚀性最佳的原因。[结论]在南方酸性土壤条件下，纯锌不宜长期使用。利用氧化剂能加速金属与酸的反应，采用含 K ₂S ₂O ₈ 的酸性溶液可快速区分 3 种铜基金属材料的耐蚀性优劣。

Abstract

[Objective] With the growing application of grounding materials in power systems, rapid evaluation of their corrosion resistance in acidic soils is critical for their promotion and application. This article comparatively studies the rapid corrosion testing conditions for four typical materials: industrial pure copper, pure zinc, aluminum bronze, and aluminum−nickel bronze. [Method] The effects of temperature as well as oxidant type and concentration on the corrosion morphology of metal surfaces were examined. [Result] At room temperature, in a dilute hydrochloric acid solution at pH 4.2, pure zinc surface exhibited numerous corrosion spots, while pure copper, aluminum bronze, and aluminum−nickel bronze showed no obvious corrosion-and even at 70 °C, the corrosion resistance of these three materials could not be distinguished. Therefore, potassium persulfate (K ₂S ₂O ₈) was selected as the oxidant, and the acidic solution was heated to 40 °C before immersing the specimens for 10 minutes. This method enabled rapid on-site evaluation of the corrosion resistance of pure copper, aluminum bronze, and aluminum–nickel bronze. After 10 minutes of immersion in the acidic solution, pure copper had numerous large black spots on its surface, aluminum bronze showed numerous small black spots, and aluminum−nickel bronze exhibited fewer black spots. The corrosion severity ranking of the three materials was as follows: pure copper > aluminum bronze > aluminum−nickel bronze. With the increasing of K ₂S ₂O ₈ concentration, corrosion intensified, and a dosage of 1.5% to 3.0% (mass fraction) K ₂S ₂O ₈ effectively distinguished the differences in corrosion resistance among the three materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), three-dimensional profilometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses revealed that the compact composite oxide protective layer formed on aluminum−nickel bronze surface in the acidic solution was responsible for its optimal corrosion resistance. [Conclusion] Under acidic soil conditions in southern China, pure zinc is not suitable for long-term use. The use of an oxidant accelerates the reaction between the metal and the acid, and the acidic solution containing K ₂S ₂O ₈ can rapidly distinguish the corrosion resistance of the three copper-based materials.

关键词

接地材料 / 纯铜 / 青铜 / 锌 / 快速检测 / 酸性环境 / 耐蚀性

Key words

grounding material / pure copper / bronze / zinc / rapid detection / acidic environment / corrosion resistance

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基金资助

国网江西省电力有限公司重点科技项目(521820250008)