基于二维液相色谱法测定关节假体周围感染患者关节液中万古霉素的质量浓度

黄俊杰 ,  常军民 ,  何家伟 ,  汪洋 ,  纪保超 ,  赵军

西北药学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (1) : 107 -113.

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西北药学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (1) : 107 -113. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2025.01.015
基础研究

基于二维液相色谱法测定关节假体周围感染患者关节液中万古霉素的质量浓度

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Measurement of vancomycin concentration in synovial fluid in patients with periprosthetic joint infection by two-dimensional liquid chromatography

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文章历史 +
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摘要

目的 基于二维液相色谱法(two-dimensional liquid chromatography,2D-LC)建立检测关节假体周围感染(prosthetic joint infection,PJI)患者关节液中万古霉素质量浓度的方法。 方法 采用FLC2701型2D-LC系统对万古霉素进行2D分离,第一维液相色谱系统采用Aston SC2-1A色谱柱(3.5 mm×25 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-乙腈-10 mmoL·L-1磷酸铵水溶液(1∶1∶10),流速为0.6 mL·min-1;第二维液相色谱系统采用Aston SCB色谱柱(4.6 mm×125 mm,5 μm),流动相为1.0 mmoL·L-1磷酸氢二铵水溶液(pH=7.4)-1.0 mmoL·L-1磷酸氢二铵水溶液(pH=3.0)-乙腈(52∶37∶11),流速为1.2 mL·min-1;柱温为45 ℃;检测波长为232、279 nm;进样量为50 μL。 结果 关节假体周围感染患者关节液中万古霉素的质量浓度在1.01~50.28 μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),该方法日内、日间精密度RSD值均<2.26%,平均回收率为93.83%~100.16%,样品提取回收率为100.76%~103.01%,样品稳定性RSD值<2.28%。 结论 基于2D-LC建立的关节假体周围感染患者关节液中万古霉素质量浓度测定方法简便、准确、高效,可用于临床患者关节液中万古霉素的质量浓度监测。

Abstract

Objective A method based on two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) was established for the concentration of vancomycin in the synovial fluid of patients with periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Methods The 2D separation of vancomycin was carried out using a FLC2701 2D-LC system, and the first-dimensional liquid chromatography system was an Aston SC2-1A column (3.5 mm×25 mm, 5 μm), with a mobile phase of methanol-acetonitrile-10 mmoL·L-1 aqueous ammonium phosphate solution (1∶1∶10) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL·min-1; the second-dimensional liquid chromatography system was an Aston SCB (4.6 mm×125 mm, 5 μm), and the mobile phase was 1.0 mmoL·L-1 diammonium phosphate (pH=7.4)-1.0 mmoL·L-1 diammonium phosphate (pH=3.0)-acetonitrile (52∶37∶11) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL·min-1; the column temperature was 45 ℃; the detection wavelengths were 232 and 279 nm; and the injection volume was 50 μL. Results The mass concentration of vancomycin in the synovial fluid of the patients was linear in the range of 1.01—50.28 μg·mL-1r=0.999 8), and the RSD values of intra-day and inter-day precision of this method were both <2.26%, the average recoveries were in the range of 93.83%—100.16%, the recoveries of sample extraction were in the range of 100.76%—103.01%, and the sample stability RSD values were all <2.28%. Conclusion The method for the determination of vancomycin concentration in the joint fluid of patients with periprosthetic infection based on 2D-LC is simple, accurate and efficient, and can be used to monitor the concentration of vancomycin in the joint fluid of clinical patients.

Graphical abstract

关键词

二维液相色谱法 / 关节假体周围感染 / 关节液 / 万古霉素

Key words

two-dimensional liquid chromatography / periprosthetic joint infection / synovial fluid / vancomycin

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黄俊杰,常军民,何家伟,汪洋,纪保超,赵军. 基于二维液相色谱法测定关节假体周围感染患者关节液中万古霉素的质量浓度[J]. 西北药学杂志, 2025, 40(1): 107-113 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2025.01.015

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关节置换术是一种针对严重关节损伤或关节炎症的治疗方法,通常在保守治疗无效时采用。然而,接受关节置换术的患者可能会发生人工假体周围感染(prosthetic joint infection,PJI)1-2,并且PJI人数在逐年增加3。一期翻修是PJI的治疗方式之一4,由于其手术次数少、功能恢复快、抗菌药物用药周期短、费用低等优势,逐渐受到国内外学者的认可5。PJI治疗的主要难点是感染菌形成细菌生物膜6-7,生物膜形成的物理屏障,一方面,阻碍抗菌药物进入到菌膜内部;另一方面使菌膜内的营养物质含量和氧气浓度降低,从而降低抗菌药物的杀菌能力。相较于浮游菌具有更强的耐药性8-9,易导致感染复发10-14。相关研究结果显示,清除生物膜所需的最低清除浓度(the minimal biofilm eradication concentration,MBEC)比清除浮游菌所需的最低抑菌浓度(the minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)高出100~1 000倍15-17,因此需要在感染的关节处长时间维持高的抗菌药物质量浓度。采用常规静脉给药时,关节腔的药物质量浓度只有3倍MIC水平18-19,难以达到清除生物膜的药物质量浓度需求。为了确保将关节液中的药物质量浓度长期维持在MBEC水平,我院采取了一期翻修术联合关节腔给药的方法治疗PJI患者,取得了良好的临床效果18-20
耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)作为最常见的PJI致病菌,在临床上引起广泛关注。万古霉素属于糖肽类抗生素,广泛用于MRSA等革兰氏阳性菌感染的治疗过程中21-22。体外实验结果显示,万古霉素用于治疗MRSA引起的感染,其MBEC最少为1 000倍MIC16-17。然而,万古霉素具有时间依赖性,其抗菌作用时间较长,治疗窗较窄,因此需要进行治疗药物监测(therapeutic drug monitoring,TDM)。因此,本研究通过建立快速、高效、灵敏的关节液中万古霉素质量浓度的监测方法,并通过计算万古霉素的谷质量浓度/MIC来评估关节腔内万古霉素的质量浓度是否可以达到MBEC水平,从而为临床治疗PJI患者提供理论依据23-27

1 材料与方法

1.1 药品与试剂

万古霉素(批号146252,质量分数>95%)、磷酸氢二铵、甲醇、乙腈、磷酸铵、ACP-1A去蛋白剂均购自湖南德米特仪器有限公司;超纯水为纯水仪所制(不低于GB17323执行标准)。

1.2 仪器和色谱条件

全自动二维液相色谱系统由LC-20A色谱部件(日本岛津公司)与FLC2701全自动二维液相色谱耦合仪(湖南德米特仪器有限公司)组成;第一维色谱系统(LC1)的LC-20AT色谱泵、SIL-20AC自动进样器以及第二维色谱系统(LC2)的LC-20AT四元低压色谱泵、SPD-20A检测器,均购自日本岛津公司。

第一维色谱柱采用Aston SC2-1A(3.5 mm×25 mm,5 μm)色谱柱;第二维色谱柱采用Aston SCB(4.6 mm×125 mm,5 μm)色谱柱;捕获柱为Aston SBX4(3.5 mm×10 mm,5 μm);柱温为45 ℃;一维流动相为甲醇-乙腈-10 mmoL·L-1磷酸铵水溶液(1∶1∶10),流速为0.6 mL·min-1;二维流动相为1.0 mmoL·L-1磷酸氢二铵水溶液(pH=7.4)-1.0 mmoL·L-1磷酸氢二铵水溶液(pH=3.0)-乙腈(52∶37∶11),流速为1.2 mL·min-1;检测波长为232、279 nm;进样体积为50 μL。洗脱程序表见表1

1.3 关节液样品的收集

样本来自接受一期翻修联合术后关节腔内输注万古霉素治疗的膝和髋PJI患者,在每次输注抗菌药物前,抽尽关节腔内关节液,以3 500 r·min-1离心10 min,取上清液,作为空白关节液。本研究经医院伦理审查委员会审核、批准,患者或其家属均签署知情同意书。

1.4 溶液配制

1.4.1 空白关节液工作液的配制

精密吸取空白关节液样品适量,使用超纯水稀释100倍即得,置于4 ℃保存。

1.4.2 万古霉素对照品储备液的配制

取万古霉素对照品约10 mg,精密称定,置于50 mL量瓶中,用超纯水定容至刻度,配制成201.12 μg·mL-1的对照品储备液,根据实验需求稀释至相应质量浓度的对照品工作液。

1.4.3 质控溶液的配制

取万古霉素对照品储备液适量,用空白关节液稀释,制备成质量浓度分别为3.00、22.51、37.51 μg·mL-1的质控溶液。

2 方法学验证

2.1 专属性实验

分别取超纯水、空白关节液、空白关节液中加入万古霉素的对照品溶液,按照1.2项下色谱条件进样分析。万古霉素的保留时间为6.24 min,基线分离良好,无明显的内源性物质干扰,表明该方法具有良好的选择性。见图1

2.2 线性关系考察

取对照品工作液适量,加入到空白关节液中,配制成1.01、3.02、10.06、20.11、30.17、50.28 μg·mL-16个质量浓度。以万古霉素的峰面积为纵坐标(y),以万古霉素的质量浓度(μg·mL-1)为横坐标(x),进行线性回归。线性回归方程为y=92 494.0x-16 581.1,相关系数r=0.999 8,表明万古霉素质量浓度在1.01~50.28 μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好,定量限为1.01 μg·mL-1

2.3 精密度实验

取3.00、22.51、37.51 μg·mL-1 3个质量浓度的质控溶液,按照1.2项下色谱条件进样分析,日内连续进样5次,连续进样3 d,评估日内、日间精密度。结果显示,万古霉素的日内峰面积RSD值为0.48%~2.10%,日间峰面积RSD值为1.36%~2.26%,平均回收率为93.83%~100.16%,表明该方法可靠,重复性好,结果见表2

2.4 回收率实验

取3.00、22.51、37.51 μg·mL-1低、中、高3种质量浓度的质控样品溶液,进样检测,再将对照品溶液用二维流动相稀释至相应倍数,质量浓度与质控样品溶液相同。比较二者的万古霉素峰面积,确定万古霉素的提取回收率。结果显示,万古霉素的提取回收率在100.76%~103.01%范围内。见表3

2.5 稳定性实验

取质控溶液适量,分别考察其在室温25 ℃放置72 h、4 ℃放置72 h、-80 ℃反复冻融3次、-80 ℃放置72 h条件下的稳定性,重复测定2次。结果显示,样品的回收率在85.15%~104.55%范围内,RSD<2.28%,表明样品在上述条件下稳定性良好。见表4

2.6 患者样本的测定

使用建立的2D-LC技术对5例PJI患者进行药物质量浓度监测,5例患者给药方式不同,万古霉素平均质量浓度为(3 124.4±1 759)、(4 296.40±1 743.56)、(5 ‍054.67±734.39)、(5 ‍083.33±1 ‍841.29)、(9 830.67±3 271.46) µg·mL-1。见表5

3 讨论

高效液相色谱法是检测万古霉素血药质量浓度的常用方法之一,相关研究已经建立了用于测定万古霉素在关节液中质量浓度27的高效液相色谱-紫外检测(high perfermance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet,HPLC-UV)方法,但该方法耗时长,样本前处理冗杂,不利于临床快速检测。而二维液相色谱法较传统高效液相色谱法可显著缩短色谱柱的平衡时间以及样品检测时间,更适用于临床TDM28-30

根据相关文件要求31,假设万古霉素对革兰氏阳性菌的MIC值为1~4 μg·mL-1。采用单独关节腔给药后的患者1和患者3的平均谷质量浓度与MIC的比值为781~5 055,而采用静脉联合关节腔给药的患者4、患者5的平均谷浓度与MIC的比值为983~5 083。体外相关实验结果表明,对于金黄色葡萄球菌形成的生物膜所需的MBEC通常是MIC的1 024倍1223。单独关节腔给药和静脉联合关节腔给药均能使患者关节腔内的药物质量浓度达到清除生物膜的要求。本研究还使用化学发光免疫分析(chemiluminescence immunoassay,CLIA)法对患者1和患者2的血清样本中的万古霉素谷质量浓度进行了检测,血清中万古霉素的平均质量浓度为6.68、12.34 μg·mL-1,均低于万古霉素治疗谷质量浓度有效值(10~15 μg·mL-1),不会导致系统毒性,表明关节腔输注万古霉素可以使关节腔维持着高质量浓度药物水平的同时不会对系统产生毒性。值得注意的是,患者2治疗首日血清中的万古霉素谷质量浓度达到了20.78 μg·mL-1,超过了万古霉素治疗阈值,这与静脉直接给药有关,提示后续治疗PJI应减少静脉给药量或增加给药间隔以确保血清药物质量浓度在安全范围内。此外,个体差异、代谢差异、肾功能等因素也会导致药物浓度差异的产生,未来可能需要进一步优化万古霉素的局部用药方案,实现个体化治疗。

本研究建立了一种简便、快速的二维液相色谱法用于测定人关节液中万古霉素的质量浓度,该方法具有有高灵敏度和高准确度。适用于临床大量样品的快速分析,为检测假体周围感染患者关节腔中万古霉素的质量浓度提供参考。

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基金资助

新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金项目(2022D01C240)

武汉药学会第二届医院药学学科发展项目(WHPA202305011)

新疆维吾尔自治区“天山英才”医药卫生高层次人才培养计划项目(TSYC202301A051)

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