单硝酸异山梨酯联合尼可地尔对经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗急性冠状动脉综合征的效果

刘春颖 ,  李旭东

西北药学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4) : 112 -117.

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西北药学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4) : 112 -117. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2025.04.016
药物与临床

单硝酸异山梨酯联合尼可地尔对经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗急性冠状动脉综合征的效果

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Effects of isosorbide mononitrate combined with nicorandil on myocardial microcirculation and serum endothelial microparticles levels in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention surgery

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摘要

目的 探究单硝酸异山梨酯联合尼可地尔对经皮冠状动脉介入术(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治疗的急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者心肌微循环功能及血清内皮细胞微粒(endothelial microparticles,EMPs)水平的影响。 方法 选取184例接受PCI治疗的ACS患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组92例。对照组在常规治疗方案的基础上加用尼可地尔,观察组在对照组用药的基础上联合应用单硝酸异山梨酯。分别于PCI术前及术后24 h,采用心肌梗死溶栓试验(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)血流分级评估冠状动脉血流状态,记录校正的TIMI帧数(corrected TIMI frame count,CTFC);通过测定心肌微循环阻力指数(index of microcirculatory resistance,IMR)及冠状动脉血流速度储备(coronary flow velocity reserve,CFVR),分析患者心肌微循环功能变化;采用流式细胞仪检测患者血清EMPs水平;采用心电图疗效标准评价临床疗效。 结果 2组患者一般资料和治疗情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,与对照组比较,观察组的临床疗效显著提高(P<0.05);与对照组比较,观察组的TIMI Ⅲ级患者比例及CFVR显著提高,CTFC及IMR显著降低(P<0.05);治疗1 d后,2组的EMPs水平均显著升高(P<0.05),但2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗14 d后,2组的EMPs水平均显著降低,且观察组显著低于对照组(P<0.05);2组患者的不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 单硝酸异山梨酯联合尼可地尔可有效改善PCI术后患者的心肌微循环功能,降低血清EMPs水平,且安全性良好,具有较高的临床应用价值。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the effects of isosorbide mononitrate combined with nicorandil on myocardial microcirculation and serum endothelial microparticles (EMPs) levels in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) surgery. Methods 184 patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who were treated with PCI in the cardiovascular department of our hospital were randomly divided into a control group (n=92) and an observation group (n=92). The control group was given nicorandil in addition to the routine treatment, and the observation group was given isosorbide mononitrate on the basis of the control group. Thrombolytic test for thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) was performed 24 hours before and after PCI, and corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC) were recorded. Myocardial microcirculatory resistance index (IMR) and coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) were used to analyze the microcirculation of patients before and after treatment. EMPs levels in the 2 groups were detected by flow cytometry, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated by electrocardiogram efficacy standard. Results There was no difference in the general data and treatment conditions between the 2 groups (P>0.05). After treatment, compared with the control group, the clinical efficacy of the observation group significantly improved (P<0.05). After treatment, the number of TIMI Ⅲ and CFVR in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, while CTFC and IMR were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). After 1 day of treatment, the EMPs level increased, but there was still no difference between the 2 groups (P>0.05). After 14 days of treatment, the EMPs level in both groups significantly decreased, and the level in the observation group was significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, there was no difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the 2 groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Isosorbide mononitrate combined with nicorandil can effectively improve myocardial microcirculation and reduce EMPs level after PCI, and have certain curative effect.

关键词

单硝酸异山梨酯 / 尼可地尔 / 经皮冠状动脉介入术 / 心肌微循环 / 内皮细胞微粒

Key words

isosorbide mononitrate / nicorandil / percutaneous coronary intervention / myocardial microcirculation / endothelial microparticle

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刘春颖,李旭东. 单硝酸异山梨酯联合尼可地尔对经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗急性冠状动脉综合征的效果[J]. 西北药学杂志, 2025, 40(4): 112-117 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2025.04.016

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急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)是冠心病中严重的心血管疾病类型,患者常表现胸闷、胸痛等症状,严重者可发生心力衰竭、心律失常甚至猝死,预后较差1。经皮冠状动脉介入术(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)可疏通ACS患者狭窄或闭塞的冠状动脉管腔,改善心肌微循环,但术后易出现冠状动脉痉挛、穿孔及支架内血栓等并发症,增加不良心血管事件发生的风险,严重影响患者预后2。尼可地尔可降低心血管疾病的发生风险、改善预后,临床研究发现,其能降低心肌梗死患者缺血性心肌损伤指标,并改善PCI术后患者冠状动脉灌注情况3-4。单硝酸异山梨酯在临床上常用于心绞痛、冠心病、心肌梗死等的预防和治疗5,有研究发现,静脉滴注该药物可提升治疗效果、维持血脂指标,具有临床推广价值6。本研究对接受PCI治疗的ACS患者联合使用单硝酸异山梨酯和尼可地尔,通过观察心肌微循环、血清内皮细胞微粒(endothelial microparticles,EMPs)水平,不良反应及临床疗效,探讨其治疗效果。

1 一般资料

选取2022年9月—2023年9月佳木斯大学宏大医院心血管科收治的184例接受PCI手术治疗的ACS患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组92例。2组一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,见表1。本研究经医院医学伦理委员会审核、批准。

纳入标准:①符合《中国心血管病预防指南(2017)》7中的相关诊断标准;②行PCI手术,存在进行性胸痛症状;③对研究药物无过敏现象;④对本研究知情并签署知情同意书。

排除标准:①依从性较差者;②合并恶性肿瘤者;③患有严重的精神疾病和慢性病者;④处于妊娠期、哺乳期的妇女。

2 方法

2.1 治疗方法

2组均在常规治疗的基础上口服尼可地尔(规格为5 mg,长春大政药业科技有限公司),每次5 mg,每日3次;观察组在以上基础上联合服用单硝酸异山梨酯缓释片(规格为40 mg,乐声药业石家庄有限公司),每次40 mg,每日1次。2组均连续治疗4周。

2.2 观察指标

2.2.1 疗效

连续治疗4周后对2组患者的疗效进行评估,临床疗效参考心电图疗效评价标准进行评价8。显效:主要临床症状基本消失,心电图仅显示病理学Q波;有效:主要临床症状得到改善,心电图稳定;无效:主要临床症状和心电图均未改善。总有效率=[(显效例数+有效例数)/总例数]×100%。

2.2.2 心肌灌注及微循环指标

在PCI手术前以及术后24 h对患者进行心肌梗死溶栓试验(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)血流分级,记录校正的TIMI帧数(corrected TIMI frame count,CTFC)。TIMI分级9标准:0级,无灌注血流,造影剂无法通过患者血管狭窄处;Ⅰ级,部分造影剂可通过狭窄处,尚未形成灌注;Ⅱ级,造影剂缓慢地充盈患者远端病变血管,大约需要3个心动周期;Ⅲ级,造影剂完全灌注并在3个心动周期内快速且完全地充盈远端血管。造影剂充盈血管70%时记录为第1帧,造影剂到达血管末梢时记录为最后1帧,最后记录总帧数即为CTFC10。以前降支CTFC水平除以1.7即得校正的CTFC。心肌微循环阻力指数(index of microcirculatory resistance,IMR)和冠状动脉血流速度储备(coronary flow velocity reserve,CFVR)对患者治疗前后的微循环情况进行分析。

2.2.3 内皮细胞微粒(endothelial microparticles,EMPs)水平

使用Attune CytPix成像型流式细胞仪(赛默飞世尔科技有限公司)分别检测2组患者的血浆EMPs水平。采集2组患者术前及术后1、14 d的静脉血3 mL,置于乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)抗凝管中,以1 000 r·min-1离心10 min,弃上清,制得富含血小板的血浆,以1 000 r·min-1离心6 min,取上清得到无血小板的血浆。分别用异硫氰酸荧光素标记的CD31+和藻红蛋白标记的CD42-抗体,其中CD31+作为内皮细胞和血小板的共同标志物,CD42-作为血小板特异性标志物。表达为CD31+/CD42-且直径小于1 μm为EMPs。每组检测3次。

2.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 25.0软件对数据进行处理。计数资料用“例(%)”表示,比较采用χ2检验;计量资料用(x¯±s)表示,比较采用t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3 结果

3.1 PCI手术治疗情况的比较

2组患者PCI术治疗情况比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2

3.2 临床疗效的比较

与对照组(73.91%)比较,观察组的总有效率(90.22%)显著提高(χ2=8.308,P=0.004<0.05)。见表3

3.3 心肌灌注及微循环的比较

治疗前,2组患者的TIMI分级、IMR、CFVR比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,与对照组比较,观察组的TIMI Ⅲ级患者比例及CFVR均显著提高,CTFC及IMR均显著降低(P<0.05)。见表4

3.4 EMPs水平的比较

治疗前,2组患者的EMPs水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗1 d后,2组的EMPs水平均显著上升(P<0.05)。但2组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗14 d后,2组的EMPs水平均显著下降,且观察组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表5

3.5 不良反应发生情况的比较

2组不良反应发生情况比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.467, P=0.226>0.05)。见表6

4 讨论

随着人口老龄化及生活方式的改变,心血管疾病的发病率呈上升趋势。ACS好发于男性及老年人群,是以继发闭塞性血栓形成为病理基础的临床综合征11。患者常出现胸痛、呼吸困难等症状,糖尿病、肥胖和早发冠心病家族史等为其潜在危险因素12。目前,临床上常采用抗血小板药物、硝酸盐(如硝酸甘油)、钙拮抗剂以及他汀类药物缓解ACS的症状13。PCI可迅速开通闭塞血管、改善心肌血流灌注,常用于采用药物治疗后病情未稳定的患者14。尽管PCI术后冠状动脉血流恢复可改善预后,但存在发生血栓脱落及远端微循环栓塞风险,可能引发心肌梗死、支架内血栓形成或靶血管再血管化等,从而导致患者的死亡率升高15

尼可地尔作为血管扩张剂,通过激活细胞内鸟苷酸环化酶和一氧化氮/蛋白激酶G通路来扩张血管,并抑制氧化应激以缓解冠状动脉痉挛16。其作用机制包括增加血管容积、促进钾离子外流、减少钙离子内流,从而有效扩张狭窄的冠状动脉,增加血流量17。研究发现,PCI术中持续静脉滴注尼可地尔可减轻动脉粥样硬化程度,缓解由PCI导致的心肌损伤18。基于此,本研究将尼可地尔用于接受PCI手术治疗的ACS患者,旨在改善其心肌微循环及EMPs水平。

单硝酸异山梨酯不仅可通过扩张动静脉来降低心脏的前、后负荷,还可以通过升高环磷鸟苷水平扩张正常或收缩的冠状动脉,改善心肌缺血及心室收缩功能19。TIMI血流分级是评估心肌微循环的重要指标,其中0级和I级表示冠状动脉未再通,Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级表示冠状动脉再通,但Ⅱ级通而不畅20。有研究结果显示,法舒地尔联合阿托伐他汀、单硝酸异山梨酯及拜阿司匹林可减轻炎症反应、调节内皮功能并加快血流速度21。本研究结果显示,治疗后观察组TIMI Ⅲ级患者的比例及CFVR均显著高于对照组,CTFC和IMR均显著低于对照组。表明单硝酸异山梨酯联合尼可地尔可有效改善PCI患者的心肌微循环。EMPs是由内皮细胞活化和凋亡后释放的直径为100 nm~1 μm的小泡,可反映来源细胞的功能状态,作为判断ACS严重程度的新型生物标志物22。洪朝璋等23研究表明,通心络胶囊辅助阿司匹林、单硝酸异山梨酯治疗接受PCI手术的患者可改善其心功能、调节血清细胞微粒水平并减少不良反应。本研究结果显示,单硝酸异山梨酯联合尼可地尔治疗接受PCI手术的患者,治疗1 d后EMPs水平升高,表明PCI手术导致内皮细胞损伤及炎症反应;治疗14 d后,观察组的EMPs水平较治疗前及对照组均显著降低。表明联合治疗可减轻患者的炎症反应、降低血清EMPs水平并改善患者的内皮细胞功能。2组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义,但联合治疗的总有效率明显升高,表明其疗效显著。

综上所述,单硝酸异山梨酯联合尼可地尔可有效改善接受PCI患者的心肌微循环,降低血清EMPs水平,且安全性良好,具有一定的临床应用价值。

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