枯草杆菌二联活菌联合瑞巴派特治疗幽门螺杆菌阳性消化性溃疡对溃疡愈合、胃泌素及肠道菌群的影响

崔红霞 ,  韩爱娜 ,  侯小霞 ,  崔英

西北药学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4) : 138 -144.

PDF (510KB)
西北药学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4) : 138 -144. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2025.04.020
药物与临床

枯草杆菌二联活菌联合瑞巴派特治疗幽门螺杆菌阳性消化性溃疡对溃疡愈合、胃泌素及肠道菌群的影响

作者信息 +

Effects of Bacillus subtilis bifidobacterium combined with rebamipide on ulcer healing, gastrin and intestinal flora in Helicobacter pylori positive peptic ulcer

Author information +
文章历史 +
PDF (521K)

摘要

目的 探讨枯草杆菌二联活菌联合瑞巴派特治疗幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,HP)阳性消化性溃疡(peptic ulcer,PU)对溃疡愈合、胃泌素及肠道菌群的影响。 方法 选取2021年8月—2023年8月HP阳性PU患者160例作为研究对象,用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组80例。2组均给予常规治疗,对照组在此基础上给予瑞巴派特治疗,观察组在此基础上给予枯草杆菌二联活菌联合瑞巴派特治疗。比较2组的治疗效果,HP根除率,溃疡愈合情况,治疗前后的消化相关因子[胃泌素(gastrin,GAS)、胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ(pepsinogen Ⅰ,PGⅠ)、胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ(pepsinogen Ⅱ,PGⅡ)]、肠道菌群、炎性因子[C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)]及不良反应的发生情况。 结果 观察组的总有效率、HP根除率均高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗2周后2组的溃疡黏膜形态结构、中性黏液、炎性细胞浸润程度评分,血清GAS、PGⅠ、PGⅡ、CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平均低于治疗前,且观察组均低于对照组(P<0.05);2组治疗2周后的葡萄球菌、肠球菌数量均低于治疗前,且观察组均低于对照组,乳酸杆菌、拟杆菌、双歧杆菌数量均高于治疗前,且观察组均高于对照组(P<0.05);2组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 枯草杆菌二联活菌联合瑞巴派特治疗HP阳性PU能提高疗效,促进溃疡愈合,还能调节胃泌素水平和肠道菌群,减轻炎症反应,且安全性良好。

Abstract

Objective To investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis bifidobacterium combined with rebamipide on ulcer healing, gastrin, and intestinal flora in patients with Helicobacter pylori (HP)-positive peptic ulcer (PU). Methods A total of 160 patients with HP-positive PU in our hospital from August 2021 to August 2023 were selected and assigned to the 2 groups according to random number table method, 80 patients in each group. Both groups were given conventional treatment. The control group was given rebabapide, while the observation group was given Bacillus subtilis bifidobacterium combined with rebabapide. The treatment effect and HP eradication rate of the 2 groups were compared, as well as ulcer healing, digestion-related factors [gastrin (GAS), pepsinogen Ⅰ (PG Ⅰ), and pepsinogen Ⅱ (PG Ⅱ)], intestinal flora, inflammatory factors [C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] before and after treatment, and adverse reactions of the 2 groups were also compared. Results The total effective rate and HP eradication rate in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). After 2 weeks of treatment, the scores of ulcer mucosal morphology, neutral mucus, inflammatory cell infiltration, serum levels of GAS, PGⅠ, PGⅡ, CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the 2 groups were lower than those before treatment, and the observation group was lower than the control group (P<0.05); after 2 weeks of treatment, the number of Staphylococci and Enterococci in the 2 groups was lower than before treatment, with the observation group being lower than the control group. The number of Lactobacilli, Bacteroides, and Bifidobacteria was higher than before treatment, with the observation group being higher than the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the the 2 groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The combination of Bacillus subtilis bifidobacterium and rebabapide in the treatment of HP-positive PU can improve the curative effect, promote ulcer healing, regulate gastrin and intestinal flora, reduce inflammation, and have good safety.

关键词

枯草杆菌二联活菌 / 瑞巴派特 / 幽门螺旋杆菌 / 消化性溃疡 / 溃疡愈合 / 胃泌素 / 肠道菌群

Key words

Bacillus subtilis bifidobacterium / rebabapide / Helicobacter pylori / peptic ulcer / ulcer healing / gastrin / intestinal flora

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
崔红霞,韩爱娜,侯小霞,崔英. 枯草杆菌二联活菌联合瑞巴派特治疗幽门螺杆菌阳性消化性溃疡对溃疡愈合、胃泌素及肠道菌群的影响[J]. 西北药学杂志, 2025, 40(4): 138-144 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2025.04.020

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

相关调查数据显示,每100人中约有10人患有消化性溃疡(peptic ulcer,PU),其中约60%伴有幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,HP)感染,其是导致病情反复发作的主要因素,需给予重视1-2。目前,四联疗法能有效消除HP,但耐药性随着用药时间的延长逐渐增加,还可能引发胃肠道菌群失调,对HP根除及治疗效果产生影响3-4。同时,有研究发现,HP阳性PU患者本身就伴有不同程度的肠道菌群失调现象,需进行纠正5。瑞巴派特是一种胃黏膜保护剂,具有抗溃疡、抑制炎症介质的作用6。枯草杆菌二联活菌是一种益生菌,具有抑制HP生长、调节胃肠道功能等作用7。但目前关于枯草杆菌二联活菌联合瑞巴派特治疗HP阳性PU的效果尚无报道。本研究探讨枯草杆菌二联活菌联合瑞巴派特治疗HP阳性PU的效果,旨在为临床治疗提供参考。

1 一般资料

选取2021年8月—2023年8月收治的HP阳性PU患者160例作为研究对象,用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组80例。2组一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,见表1。2组患者均对本研究知情,且签署知情同意书。本研究经医院医学伦理委员会审核、批准。

纳入标准:经胃镜检查证实为PU,符合PU诊断标准8;经14C尿素呼气检查显示HP阳性。

排除标准:合并溃疡穿孔出血者;伴有肿瘤者;存在甲状腺功能异常、内分泌疾病者;对相关药物过敏者;感染新型冠状肺炎者;参与本研究前1个月内接受相关治疗者;合并认知异常、精神疾病者;处于妊娠期、哺乳期的女性。

2 方法

2.1 治疗方法

2组均给予四联疗法治疗:口服枸橼酸铋钾胶囊,每次600 mg,每日2次;克拉霉素片每次500 mg,每日2次;雷贝拉唑钠肠溶片每次20 mg,每日2次;阿莫西林胶囊,每次1 000 mg,每日2次。对照组在此基础上口服瑞巴派特片,每次100 mg,每日3次。观察组在对照组治疗的基础上口服枯草杆菌二联活菌肠溶胶囊,每次500 mg,每日3次。2组均连续治疗2周。

2.2 观察指标

2.2.1 疗效与HP根除情况

疗效判定标准9:HP阴性,临床症状消失,病变组织周围炎症消退,溃疡面完全愈合为完全缓解;HP阴性,临床症状基本消失,病变组织周围炎症明显减轻,溃疡面积缩小>75%为部分缓解;HP阳性或阴性,临床症状有所减轻,病变组织周围炎症有所缓解,溃疡面积缩小50%~75%为有效;未达到以上标准为无效。总有效率=[(有效例数+部分缓解例数+完全缓解例数)/总例数]×100%。根据14C尿素呼气检查结果判定HP根除情况,阴性判定为根除,阳性判定为未根除。

2.2.2 溃疡愈合情况

于治疗前、治疗2周后,评价2组的溃疡愈合情况,观察溃疡黏膜的形态结构、中性黏液、炎性细胞浸润程度情况,均根据严重程度按照0~3分统计,分值越高表示溃疡愈合情况越差。

2.2.3 消化相关因子

于治疗前、治疗2周后,用7020型全自动生化分析仪(日本日立高新技术公司)检测消化相关因子[胃泌素(gastrin,GAS)、胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ(pepsinogen Ⅰ,PGⅠ)、胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ(pepsinogen Ⅱ,PGⅡ)]的水平。

2.2.4 肠道菌群

于治疗前、治疗2周后,检测2组患者的肠道菌群数量,采集1 g新鲜大便,置入离心管中,稀释后行涡旋处理,将细菌浓度稀释至10倍,接种至培养基,培养48 h,观察并记录肠道菌群数量。

2.2.5 炎性因子

于治疗前、治疗2周后,用化学发光免疫法检测2组的炎性因子[C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)]水平。

2.2.6 不良反应发生情况

统计2组不良反应的发生情况。不良反应包括恶心、便秘、腹泻及皮肤瘙痒等。

2.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行理。计量资料均确认近似服从正态分布,以(x¯±s)描述,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内比较采用配对样本t检验;计数资料用“例(%)”表示,比较用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3 结果

3.1 治疗效果、HP根除率的比较

观察组的总有效率、HP根除率均高于对照组(P<0.05)。见表2

3.2 溃疡愈合情况的比较

治疗2周后,2组的溃疡黏膜形态结构、中性黏液、炎性细胞浸润程度评分均下降,且观察组均低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表3

3.3 消化相关因子水平的比较

治疗2周后,2组的血清GAS、PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平均低于治疗前,且观察组均低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表4

3.4 肠道菌群的比较

治疗2周后,2组的葡萄球菌、肠球菌数量均低于治疗前,且观察组均低于对照组;乳酸杆菌、拟杆菌、双歧杆菌数量均高于治疗前,且观察组均高于对照组(P<0.05)。见表5

3.5 炎性因子水平的比较

治疗2周后,2组的血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平均低于治疗前,且观察组均低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表6

3.6 不良反应发生情况的比较

2组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表7

4 讨论

HP阳性PU的发生与碳酸氢盐屏障功能下降、胃酸分泌过多密切相关,若HP在机体内持续存在,不仅会导致溃疡加重,还可能诱发恶性肿瘤,故需及时采取有效措施进行治疗10-11。由枸橼酸铋钾片、克拉霉素片、雷贝拉唑钠肠溶片、阿莫西林胶囊组成的四联疗法是临床治疗HP阳性PU的基础方案,能有效清除HP,减轻消化系溃疡,但该方案会改变肠道微生态环境,导致胃肠道功能紊乱,加之部分患者存在耐药性,导致该方案的临床疗效受限12-13。因此,应在四联疗法的基础上给予更安全、有效的药物进行联合治疗,以提高疗效,改善预后。

瑞巴派特作为胃黏膜保护剂能通过刺激内源性前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)的合成和分泌增加胃黏液表皮生长因子、糖蛋白复合物的含量,增强胃黏膜防御功能,加快溃疡黏膜上皮细胞增殖,促进溃疡愈合,且对HP感染及由其导致的中性粒细胞激活产生抑制作用14-15。彭乐等16的研究证实,在四联疗法的基础上给予瑞巴派特能显著提升HP根除率和治疗效果。但大量临床研究证实,HP阳性PU发生后会导致肠道菌群紊乱,引发肠道免疫反应,增加感染、多器官功能衰竭等并发症发生的风险,影响预后17-18。因此,建议在HP阳性PU患者治疗中给予纠正肠道菌群紊乱的措施。枯草杆菌二联活菌是一种含有枯草杆菌与屎肠球菌的益生菌制剂,能较好地调节肠道菌群,且具有无耐药性、安全性高等优点,在临床中的应用较为广泛19。张殿华等20研究发现,枯草杆菌二联活菌肠溶胶囊联合四联疗法治疗十二指肠球部溃疡能将溃疡愈合率从65.3%提升至80.3%。基于此,本研究探究枯草杆菌二联活菌联合瑞巴派特治疗HP阳性PU的效果,结果显示,两者联合能明显提高HP根除率和治疗效果,且治疗2周后观察组的溃疡黏膜形态结构、中性黏液、炎性细胞浸润程度评分均低于对照组,表明联合治疗可促进溃疡愈合。分析原因可能为:枯草杆菌二联活菌能经由自身含有的枯草杆菌与屎肠球菌竞争性抑制HP的定植和生长,发挥直接的拮抗HP作用,还能通过释放代谢产物间接抑制HP,从而减弱HP感染所致的炎性反应和免疫应答,进而加快溃疡愈合21。同时,枯草杆菌二联活菌具有维持微生态平衡的作用,有利于改善胃肠道防御功能,从而促进溃疡愈合22。因此,枯草杆菌二联活菌联合瑞巴派特能经由不同作用途径明显加快病情转归,提高疗效。

血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、GAS是临床常见的胃肠激素,在HP阳性PU患者中通常呈异常高表达,可加重胃肠道功能障碍和消化系溃疡的程度23-24。本研究结果显示,治疗2周后2组的血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、GAS水平均下降,且观察组的下降幅度更明显。分析原因为:瑞巴派特能通过抗炎作用避免胃肠黏膜遭受继发性损害,能通过增加胃黏液糖蛋白复合物的含量、刺激病变组织上皮细胞增殖的途径强化胃黏膜的保护功能,从而有利于改善胃肠激素水平25。枯草杆菌二联活菌则能通过改善胃肠道微生态环境、增强胃黏膜屏障功能发挥调节胃肠激素水平的作用26。从而使两者联合治疗时对血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、GAS等胃肠激素的调节作用得到显著提高,促使血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、GAS在治疗后明显降低。

肠道菌群紊乱是多数HP阳性PU患者存在的重要病理改变,若未得到及时、有效地纠正,易增加预后不良风险27。本研究结果显示,观察组治疗2周后的致病菌数量低于对照组,益生菌数量高于对照组,表明枯草杆菌二联活菌联合瑞巴派特治疗HP阳性PU能有效改善肠道菌群紊乱。主要原因是:患者口服枯草杆菌二联活菌后可直接补充肠道内的正常生理活菌的数量,加快肠道对营养物质的消化和吸收,增强肠道内正常微生物的活力,还能抑制肠源性毒素的产生和肠道中致病菌的过度繁殖,从而促进肠道菌群恢复平衡28-29。本研究结果还显示,枯草杆菌二联活菌联合瑞巴派特治疗HP阳性PU患者能显著降低血清CRP、IL-6、TNF-α等炎性因子水平,与两者均具有抑制溃疡黏膜炎症反应的作用有关。此外,在安全性方面,2组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义,表明联合治疗方案的安全性良好。本研究的不足之处是未进行远期随访,未获取枯草杆菌二联活菌联合瑞巴派特治疗对HP阳性PU远期复发率的影响,今后需做进一步探讨。

综上所述,枯草杆菌二联活菌联合瑞巴派特治疗HP阳性PU能提高疗效,促进溃疡愈合,还能调节GAS水平和肠道菌群,减轻炎症反应,且安全性良好。

参考文献

[1]

WU YMURRAY G KBYRNE E Met al. GWAS of peptic ulcer disease implicates Helicobacter pylori infection, other gastrointestinal disorders and depression‍[J]. Nat Commun202112(1): 1146.

[2]

HAWKEY CAVERY ACOUPLAND C A Cet al. Helicobacter pylori eradication for primary prevention of peptic ulcer bleeding in older patients prescribed aspirin in primary care (HEAT): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial[J]. Lancet2022400(10363): 1597-1606.

[3]

YADOLLAHI BVALIZADEH T SBARI Zet al. Efficacy of 14-day concomitant quadruple therapy and 14-day high-dose dual therapy on H. pylori eradication[J]. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench202215(2): 172-178.

[4]

SUN YZHU MYUE Let al.Multiple Bismuth quadruple therapy containing tetracyclines combined with other antibiotics and Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy[J]. J Clin Med202211(23): 7040.

[5]

ZHANG WZHOU YFAN Yet al. Metal-organic-framework-based hydrogen-release platform for multieffective Helicobacter pylori targeting therapy and intestinal flora protective capabilities[J]. Adv Mater202234(2): e2105738.

[6]

马晓莺,钱建清,石莹.瑞巴派特对慢性萎缩性胃炎患者内皮功能、炎症反应、胃功能指标的影响[J].临床消化病杂志202032(2):98-101.

[7]

MA XiaoyingQIAN JianqingSHI Ying. Effect of ribapamide on endothelial function,inflammatory response and gastric function in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology202032(2): 98-101.

[8]

ZHANG QLIU ZXIA Het al. Engineered Bacillus subtilis for the de novo production of 2’-fucosyllactose[J]. Microb Cell Fact202221(1): 110.

[9]

叶任高,陆再英.内科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2004.

[10]

谢秀泽.瑞巴派特片联合常规四联除菌治疗Hp阳性消化性溃疡的效果分析[J].实用中西医结合临床202020(18):132-133.

[11]

XIE Xiuze. Analysis of the efficacy of Rabeprazole Tablets combined with conventional quadruple sterilization in the treatment of Hp positive peptic ulcers[J]. Practical Clinical Journal of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine202020(18): 132-133.

[12]

JOO M KPARK C HKIM J Set al. Clinical guidelines for drug-related peptic ulcer, 2020 revised edition[J].Gut Liver202014(6): 707-726.

[13]

MCCONAGHY J RDECKER ANAIR S. Peptic ulcer disease and H. pylori infection: Common questions and answers[J]. Am Fam Physician2023107(2): 165-172.

[14]

IBRAHIM NSAID H ELCHOUKAIR A. Zinc carnosine-based modified Bismuth quadruple therapy vs standard triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A randomized controlled study[J]. World J Clin Cases202210(1): 227-235.

[15]

HUH K YCHUNG HKIM Y Ket al. Evaluation of safety and pharmacokinetics of bismuth-containing quadruple therapy with either vonoprazan or lansoprazole for Helicobacter pylori eradication[J]. Br J Clin Pharmacol202288(1): 138-144.

[16]

ANDREEV D NMAEV I V. Rebamipide: Evidence base for use in gastroenterology[J]. Ter Arkh202092(12): 97-104.

[17]

ANDREEV D NMAEV I VDICHEVA D Tet al.Efficacy and safety of the use of rebamipide in the scheme of triple eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection: A prospective randomized comparative study[J]. Ter Arkh201890(8): 27-32.

[18]

彭乐,张亚,畅海升.瑞巴派特片对治疗幽门螺旋杆菌阳性消化性溃疡效果与复发的影响[J].武警医学202031(9):789-792.

[19]

PENG LeZHANG YaCHANG Haisheng. Influence of ribapamide on curative effect and recurrence of Helicobacter pylori positive peptic ulcer[J]. Medical Journal of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces202031(9): 789-792.

[20]

RETNAKUMAR R JNATH A NNAIR G Bet al. Gastrointestinal microbiome in the context of Helicobacter pylori infection in stomach and gastroduodenal diseases[J]. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci2022192(1): 53-95.

[21]

WHITE BSTERRETT J DGRIGORYAN Zet al. Characterization of gut microbiome and metabolome in Helicobacter pylori patients in an underprivileged community in the United States[J]. World J Gastroenterol202127(33): 5575-5594.

[22]

LUAN CLIU ZLI Yet al.Association among Helicobacter pylori infection, gastrin level and colorectal cancer in patients aged 50 years and over[J]. Pak J Med Sci202036(5): 899-903.

[23]

张殿华,司益民,牛重阳.枯草杆菌二联活菌肠溶胶囊联合铋剂四联疗法治疗十二指肠球部溃疡的临床疗效[J].实用中西医结合临床201818(3):24-25.

[24]

ZHANG DianhuaSI YiminNIU Zhongyang. Clinical efficacy of Bacillus subtilis Dual Live Bacteria Enteric Coated Capsules combined with bismuth quadruple therapy in the treatment of duodenal bulb ulcers[J]. Practical Clinical Journal of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine201818(3): 24-25.

[25]

李雪梅,唐媛媛,邓燕红,.枯草杆菌二联活菌胶囊联合含艾普拉唑四联方案治疗根除幽门螺杆菌的效果[J].中国临床实用医学202213(5):70-74.

[26]

LI XuemeiTANG YuanyuanDENG Yanhonget al. Therapeutic effect of Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium enteric-coated capsules combined with ilaprazole containing quadruple regimen for remedial eradication of Helicobacter pylori [J]. China Clinical Practical Medicine202213(5): 70-74.

[27]

GUO Z WOU X YLIANG Set al. Recruiting a phosphite dehydrogenase/formamidase-driven antimicrobial contamination system in Bacillus subtilis for nonsterilized fermentation of acetoin[J]. ACS Synth Biol20209(9): 2537-2545.

[28]

FUJIWARA S IKONNO MWATANABE Set al. Serum pepsinogen cut-off values in Helicobacter pylori-infected children[J]. Pediatr Int202264(1): e15247.

[29]

MAI J LLIANG B SXIONG Z Let al. Oral administration of recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores expressing Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein suppresses peanut allergy via up-regulation of Tregs[J]. Clin Exp Allergy201949(12): 1605-1614.

[30]

董瑛,陈芳,徐芳.瑞巴派特对慢性萎缩性胃炎患者胃蛋白酶和胃泌素及炎性因子水平的影响[J].中国医药202015(2):259-262.

[31]

DONG YingCHEN FangXU Fang. Effect of rebamipide on pepsin, gastrin and inflammatory factors in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis[J]. China Medicine202015(2): 259-262.

[32]

DENG J YGU L YCHEN T Cet al. Engineering the substrate transport and cofactor regeneration systems for enhancing 2’-fucosyllactose synthesis in Bacillus subtilis [J]. ACS Synth Biol20198(10): 2418-2427.

[33]

鲁艳妮,周清文.Hp阳性胃溃疡患者Hp根除前后的肠道菌群特征研究[J].海南医学202233(7):860-863.

[34]

LU YanniZHOU Qingwen. Study on the characteristics of intestinal flora in patients with Hp positive gastric ulcer before and after Hp eradication[J]. Hainan Medical Journal202233(7): 860-863.

[35]

DUBOIS TKRZEWINSKI FYAMAKAWA Net al. The sps genes encode an original legionaminic acid pathway required for crust assembly in Bacillus subtilis [J].mBio202011(4): e01153-20.

[36]

滕东伶,路国涛,王丹,.CA199在消化系统疾病中的诊治价值[J].中华临床医师杂志:电子版201711(18):2245-2248.

[37]

TENG DonglingLU GuotaoWANG Danet al. Diagnostic and therapeutic value of carbohydrate antigen 199 in digestive system diseases[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinicians: Electronic Edition, 201711(18): 2245-2248.

基金资助

2022—2024年青岛市市级临床重点专科胃肠道肿瘤综合治疗专科资助项目

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF (510KB)

0

访问

0

被引

详细

导航
相关文章

AI思维导图

/