磺达肝癸钠对骨科大手术后静脉血栓、血栓弹力图参数、预后的影响

徐功蒲 ,  李暾 ,  李琼丽 ,  徐伟

西北药学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4) : 227 -232.

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西北药学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4) : 227 -232. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2025.04.034
药物与临床

磺达肝癸钠对骨科大手术后静脉血栓、血栓弹力图参数、预后的影响

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Effect of fondaparinux on venous thrombosis, thromboelastography parameters, and prognosis after major orthopedic surgery

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摘要

目的 比较磺达肝癸钠、那屈肝素钙对骨科大手术后静脉血栓、血栓弹力图(thromboelastography,TEG)参数、预后的影响。 方法 选取2022年1月—2023年9月收治的120例拟行骨科大手术患者作为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组,各60例。对照组采取那屈肝素钙治疗,观察组采取磺达肝癸钠治疗,连续治疗2周。比较2组静脉血栓发生率、不良反应及治疗前后下肢静脉血流速度、TEG参数、预后[简明健康状况量表(medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey,SF-36)、Barthel指数(Barthel index,BI)]。 结果 观察组的血栓事件总发生率低于对照组(0 vs. 10.00%,P<0.05);2组治疗2周后的股静脉、腘静脉血流速度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组治疗2周后的MA值、α角分别为(54.42±4.31) mm、(57.62°±5.53°),低于对照组的(59.59±4.66) mm、(60.81°±6.17°),R值、K值分别为(4.82±1.11) min、(2.40±0.61) min,高于对照组的(4.11±0.89) min、(2.08±0.57) min (P<0.05);2组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(8.33% vs. 3.33%,P>0.05);治疗后3个月2组的SF-36、BI评分高于治疗前(P<0.05),但2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 骨科大手术后使用磺达肝癸钠治疗更有助于预防静脉血栓发生,可改善血液高凝状态,其与那屈肝素钙相比具有一定优势,但两者在生活质量、日常生活能力及安全性方面的作用相似。

Abstract

Objective To compare and analyze the effects of fondaparinux and nadroparin calcium on venous thrombosis,thromboelastography (TEG) parameters, and prognosis in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery. Methods A total of 120 patients scheduled for major orthopedic surgery between January 2022 and September 2023 were randomly assigned to a control group and an observation group, 60 cases each. The control group received nadroparin calcium, while the observation group received fondaparinux, the treatment was continued for 2 weeks. The incidence of venous thrombosis and adverse reactions were compared between the 2 groups, as well as the changes in lower limb venous blood flow velocity, TEG parameters, and prognosis [medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36) and Barthel index (BI)] before and after treatment. Results The overall incidence of thrombotic events was lower in the observation group than in the control group (0 vs. 10.00%, P<0.05). After 2 weeks of treatment, there was no significant difference in the blood flow velocities of the femoral and popliteal veins between the 2 groups (P>0.05). The observation group had significantly lower MA value and α angles [(54.42±4.31) mm, (57.62°±5.53°)] than the control group [(59.59±4.66) mm, (60.81°±6.17°)], and the R and K values were (4.82±1.11) minutes and (2.40±0.61) minutes, respectively, which were higher than those in the control group, which were (4.11±0.89) minutes and (2.08±0.57) minutes, respectively (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the 2 groups (8.33% vs. 3.33%, P>0.05). Three months after treatment, the SF-36 and BI scores of the 2 groups were higher than those before treatment (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Fondaparinux is more effective in preventing venous thrombosis after major orthopedic surgery and improves the hypercoagulable state of the blood. Compared with nadroparin calcium, it has certain advantages, but similar effects on quality of life, activities of daily living, and safety.

Graphical abstract

关键词

骨科 / 手术 / 磺达肝癸钠 / 那屈肝素钙 / 静脉血栓 / 血栓弹力图 / 预后

Key words

orthopedics / surgery / fondaparinux / nadroparin calcium / venous thrombosis / thromboelastography / prognosis

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徐功蒲,李暾,李琼丽,徐伟. 磺达肝癸钠对骨科大手术后静脉血栓、血栓弹力图参数、预后的影响[J]. 西北药学杂志, 2025, 40(4): 227-232 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2025.04.034

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骨科大手术后因生理机能降低、患肢制动等原因导致静脉回流减慢,血液处于高凝状态,易引发下肢深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT),而骨科大手术后3个月内症状性DVT的发生率约为1.3%~10.0%1-2。因而如何预防骨科大手术后发生静脉血栓已成为临床研究重点。那屈肝素钙可结合抗凝血酶Ⅲ(antithrombin Ⅲ,AT-Ⅲ),缓解血液凝滞状态,具有抗凝血、抗血栓、抗炎等作用,且生物利用度较高,但作用靶点不明确,仅能预防部分患者术后静脉血栓发生3。磺达肝癸钠可增强AT-Ⅲ对Xa因子的中和活性,抑制凝血酶形成、血小板聚集,且无需AT-Ⅲ的协助便可获得稳定的代谢环境4。但目前尚缺乏磺达肝癸钠和那屈肝素钙二者抗凝效果的对比性研究。血栓弹力图(thromboelastography,TEG)参数可反映血浆、血细胞、血小板的相互作用,直观反映凝血形成至纤溶蛋白溶解的全过程,可用于监测严重创伤手术患者的凝血状态5。基于此,本研究比较那曲肝素钠和磺达肝癸钠对骨科大手术后静脉血栓、TEG参数、预后的影响,为临床应用更有效、更安全的抗凝剂选择提供依据。

1 一般资料

选取2022年1月—2023年9月本院收治的120例拟行骨科大手术患者作为研究对象,用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,各60例,2组一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表1。本研究经医院医学伦理委员会审核、批准。

纳入标准:符合关节疾病6、骨创伤7、脊柱病变8的诊断标准,且经影像学检查确诊;符合骨科大手术治疗指征;未合并出血性疾病者;术前1个月内未口服过抗凝药物;既往无截肢病史者;术前无DVT形成者;自愿参与本研究,且签署知情同意书者。

排除标准:术前辅助检查显示凝血功能障碍者;伴有精神类疾病者;合并严重器质性疾病者;难以耐受手术者;合并恶性肿瘤者;过敏体质者;既往有静脉血栓形成病史者。

2 方法

2.1 治疗方法

对照组术后12 h皮下注射那屈肝素钙(烟台东诚北方制药有限公司,规格为6 150 AXaIU),4 100 IU·次-1,每日1次,连续治疗2周。观察组术后12 h皮下注射磺达肝癸钠(江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司,规格为0.5 mL∶2.5 mg),每次2.5 mg,每日1次,连续治疗2周。

2.2 观察指标

2.2.1 DVT发生情况

比较2组的DVT发生率。DVT相关标准9:①患肢胀痛或剧痛,股三角区或小腿压痛,患肢皮肤暗红,皮温升高,呈现浅表静脉兴奋,Homans征阳性;②影像学检查显示下肢任一解剖部位静脉有实性回声图形,管腔内血流信号充盈,血流频数无期相性变化;③急性期D-二聚体水平超过正常范围;④排除急性淋巴管炎、下肢局部血肿等其他疾病;⑤既往有卧床、手术、创伤、血栓性倾向等其他DVT风险因素病史(孤立性远端称为远端DVT,患者于住院期间出现下肢肿胀、周径改变等疑似症状体征且经双下肢静脉彩超检查提示阳性的病例称为症状性DVT)。

2.2.2 脉血流速度

采用LOGIQE9型双下肢静脉彩色多普勒超声(美国GE公司)检测2组治疗前后的股静脉、腘静脉血流速度。

2.2.3 TEG参数

采集2组患者治疗前后空腹外周静脉血3 mL,置于含有枸橼酸钠抗凝试管内,采用LEPU-8800型血栓弹力图仪(厦门海菲生物公司)检测MA值、R值、K值和α角,其中R值为反应时间,从检测开始至纤维蛋白形成(凝血块初始形成)的时间,可反映凝血因子活性;K值为凝血时间,从R值终点至凝血块达到固定强度(振幅达20 mm)的时间,可反映纤维蛋白原功能及血小板初期聚集;α角为凝血块形成曲线的切线角度,可反映纤维蛋白形成及交联速率;MA值为最大振幅,凝血块的最大强度,可反映血小板数量及功能。

2.2.4 不良反应

记录2组治疗期间不良反应的发生情况,包括恶心呕吐、鼻出血、口腔出血、血小板减少。

2.2.5 预后情况

2组治疗前、治疗后3个月,采用简明健康状况量表(medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey,SF-36)评估生活质量,总分为100分,得分与生活质量呈正相关。用Barthel指数(Barthel index,BI)评估患者的日常生活能力,总分为100分,得分与日常生活能力呈正相关。

2.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析。计量资料经Shapiro-Wilk法进行正态性检验,符合正态分布,用(x¯±s)表示,2组间比较采用独立样本t检验,重复测量计量资料采用重复测量方差分析;计数资料采用例(%)表示,2组间比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3 结果

3.1 2组血栓发生率的比较

观察组的血栓事件总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表2

3.2 2组下肢静脉血流速度的比较

重复测量方差分析结果显示,2组右侧、左侧股静脉及腘静脉血流速度组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗前至治疗2周后2组右侧、左侧股静脉及腘静脉血流速度呈升高趋势,时间点及交互比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3

3.3 2组TEG参数的比较

重复测量方差分析结果显示,2组MA值、R值、K值、α角组间、时间点、交互比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗前至治疗2周后2组MA值、α角呈降低趋势,R值、K值呈升高趋势,且治疗1周后、2周后观察组MA值、α角降低更为明显,R值、K值升高更为明显(P<0.05)。见表4图1

3.4 2组不良反应的比较

2组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表5

3.5 2组SF-36、BI评分的比较

治疗结束后对2组患者进行为期3个月的随访研究,2组均无失访病例。治疗前、治疗结束后3个月2组SF-36、BI评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗结束后3个月2组SF-36、BI评分均高于治疗前(P<0.05)。见表6

4 讨论

骨科大手术后患者的早期活动受限,在多重因素影响下可提高静脉血栓的发生风险,静脉血栓发生机制与血管壁内皮损伤、血液高凝状态、血流速度减慢有关10-11。那屈肝素钙与血浆蛋白、血管内皮细胞的亲和力较弱,可促进纤维蛋白溶解,抑制血小板聚集,加快下肢静脉血流速度,改善骨代谢指标12-13。磺达肝癸钠抗血栓效果显著,可维持下肢静脉血流状态,减少DVT等不良事件发生,无需实时监测凝血指标,便可催化其他抗凝血酶分子结合Xa因子,阻断凝血级联反应,改善患者的免疫功能、凝血-纤溶系统,其对靶目标具有高度选择性,无明显肝脏毒性,且不会与血小板产生相互作用14-16。本研究发现,观察组的血栓事件总发生率低于对照组。既往研究表明,骨科大手术后DVT的发生率约为15.5%17。推测其原因可能为那屈肝素钙可预防血栓形成,但对靶目标无高度选择性,导致其对静脉血流滞缓、高凝状态的改善作用较弱,而磺达肝癸钠具有高度选择性,可预防血栓形成,进而降低血栓事件的发生风险。本研究发现,2组治疗后股静脉、腘静脉血流速度呈升高趋势,但2组间比较差异无统计学意义。ZHOU T等18研究发现,那屈肝素钙抗凝治疗可提高下肢静脉血流速度。黄强等19研究发现,磺达肝癸钠可预防DVT,改善血流速度,且对血小板无明显影响。本研究结果与童剑萍20的研究结果相似。分析其原因可能为那屈肝素钙、磺达肝癸钠均可降低血液黏稠度,促进血栓溶解,其中磺达肝癸钠可调节凝血-纤溶系统,改善微循环,进而加快静脉血液流速。

TEG可动态反映凝血形成、血块溶解全过程,其中R值可反映凝血动力状态;K值越小表明纤维蛋白原功能亢进,血液呈高凝状态;α角受纤维蛋白原水平影响,其值越高表明血凝块生成越快;MA值可反映血凝块的最大强度,其水平升高表明血小板数量增多或功能亢进21-23。本研究结果显示,观察组治疗后MA值、α角降低得更为明显,R值、K值升高得更为明显。股静脉、腘静脉血流速度与TEG参数均可反映静脉血栓,本研究结果显示,观察组治疗后TEG参数变化更为明显,这可能是因为下肢血液循环严重到一定程度上才出现超声血流异常,相比于血流速度,TEG参数可快速呈现差异,且出现变化更快、检测更为准确,即治疗前后TEG参数改变表明磺达肝癸钠在凝血-血栓形成-溶解全过程中具有良好的调节作用。同时本研究发现那屈肝素钙、磺达肝癸钠在安全性方面具有相似性,且均可改善患者的生活质量、日常生活能力。

综上所述,相较于那屈肝素钙,骨科大手术后予以磺达肝癸钠治疗可减少DVT发生,改善静脉血栓,但那屈肝素钙、磺达肝癸钠在改善生活质量、日常生活能力及安全性方面的作用相似。

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基金资助

2021年四川省医学会(恒瑞)科研基金专项科研课题(2021HR72)

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