基于肠道菌群、胃肠激素变化探究济川煎加味联合乳果糖治疗老年慢性功能性便秘的价值

王婧 ,  刘彭 ,  赵丹

西北药学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (6) : 201 -206.

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西北药学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (6) : 201 -206. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2025.06.029
药物与临床

基于肠道菌群、胃肠激素变化探究济川煎加味联合乳果糖治疗老年慢性功能性便秘的价值

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Exploration on the clinical benefits of modified Jichuan Decoction combined with lactulose in the treatment of the elderly with chronic functional constipation based on the changes of intestinal floras and gastrointestinal hormones

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摘要

目的 探讨济川煎加味联合乳果糖治疗老年慢性功能性便秘(chronic functional constipation,CFC),对患者肠道菌群、胃肠激素的影响。 方法 选取2024年1月—2024年8月河北省沧州中西医结合医院收治的老年CFC患者72例作为研究对象,用简单、随机对照法分为对照组(36例,予以乳果糖治疗)与治疗组(36例,予以乳果糖联合济川煎加味治疗)。治疗8周后,比较2组的肠道菌群(乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、大肠埃希菌)、胃肠激素[血管活性肠肽(vasoactive intestinal peptide,VIP)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)]、结肠传输时间[左结肠传输时间(left colonic transit time,LCTT)、直肠乙状结肠传输时间(rectosigmoid transit time,RSTT)、全结肠传输时间(total colonic transit time,TCTT)]及不良反应的发生情况。停药后随访1个月,比较2组的生活质量[便秘患者生存质量量表(Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life,PAC-QOL)]、复发率。 结果 治疗后,2组的大肠埃希菌含量均降低,且治疗组低于对照组;乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌含量均升高,且治疗组均高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组的VIP、NO、NPY水平均降低,且治疗组均低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组的LCTT、RSTT、TCTT均缩短,且治疗组均短于对照组(P<0.05)。2组不良反应发生率(11.11% vs. 19.44%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。停药后经1个月的随访,2组的PAC-QOL评分均较治疗前降低,且治疗组低于对照组(P<0.05),2组复发率(5.56% vs. 13.89%)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 济川煎加味联合乳果糖治疗老年CFC,可通过调节肠道菌群,促进肠道蠕动,改善结肠传输时间,从而降低复发率,提高患者的生活质量。

Abstract

Objective To explore the effects of modified Jichuan Decoction combined with lactulose on intestinal floras and gastrointestinal hormones in elderly patients with chronic functional constipation (CFC). Methods A total of 72 elderly patients with CFC admitted to Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in Hebei Province were enrolled as the research objects between January and August 2024. According to simple and randomized control method, they were divided into a control group (36 cases, lactulose) and a treatment group (36 cases, lactulose combined with modified Jichuan Decoction). After 8 weeks of treatment, intestinal floras (LactobacillusBifidobacteria, and Escherichia coli), gastrointestinal hormones [vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), nitric oxide (NO), and neuropeptide Y (NPY)], colonic transport time [left colonic transport time (LCTT),rectosigmoid transport time (RSTT), total colonic transport time (TCTT)] and adverse reactions in the 2 groups were compared. Patients were followed up for 1 month after withdrawal, quality of life [Patient-Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life (PAC-QOL)] and recurrence rate were compared between the 2 groups. Results After treatment, the count of Escherichia coli was decreased in both groups, which was lower in the treatment group than in the control group, while the counts of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria were increased, which were higher in the treatment group (P<0.05). After treatment, VIP, NO and NPY were decreased in both groups, which were lower in the treatment group (P<0.05). After treatment, LCTT, RSTT and TCTT were shortened in both groups, which were shorter in the treatment group (P<0.05). The difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the 2 groups was not statistically significant (11.11% vs. 19.44%, P>0.05). During 1 month of follow-up after drug withdrawal, PAC-QOL scores were decreased in both groups, which were lower in the treatment group (P<0.05). The difference in recurrence rate between the 2 groups was not statistically significant (5.56% vs. 13.89%, P>0.05). Conclusion Modified Jichuan Decoction combined with lactulose can promote intestinal peristalsis and improve colonic transport time by regulating intestinal floras, which thus can reduce recurrence rate and improve quality of life in elderly patients with CFC.

关键词

慢性功能性便秘 / 济川煎 / 乳果糖 / 肠道菌群 / 胃肠激素 / 老年

Key words

chronic functional constipation / Jichuan Decoction / lactulose / intestinal flora / gastrointestinal hormone / elderly

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王婧,刘彭,赵丹. 基于肠道菌群、胃肠激素变化探究济川煎加味联合乳果糖治疗老年慢性功能性便秘的价值[J]. 西北药学杂志, 2025, 40(6): 201-206 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2025.06.029

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近年来,慢性功能性便秘(chronic functional constipation,CFC)的发病率呈上升趋势,该病以大便干硬、排便费力或排便不尽等为主要症状,在老年人群中的发病率较高1。CFC患者多因肠道菌群被破坏影响排便功能,从而引起继发性胃肠激素紊乱2。西医治疗CFC常采用渗透性泻剂、促胃肠动力药等,起效快,但长期使用易产生药物依赖,引发肠道菌群紊乱3。乳果糖口服液为一种渗透性泻剂,在治疗慢性便秘时其可通过渗透作用增加结肠内容量,促进肠道蠕动,恢复结肠的正常生理节律,从而调节大便异常状态,但其单用可能引发不良反应4。中药治疗具有多组分、多靶点特点,中医将老年CFC纳入“便秘”“秘结”范畴,多因气血亏虚、脾肾不足致腑气不畅,大肠传导失衡导致,而脾肾阳虚证多因脾肾阳虚、肠道传运不力导致,因而治疗时以补肾助阳、润肠通便为治疗原则。济川煎记载于《景岳全书》中,为“用通于补之剂”,用于治疗肾阳虚弱,精津不足便秘患者的疗效较好5。有研究比较济川煎与乳果糖治疗老年CFC患者的临床疗效,结果表明,济川煎对于患者的症状具有更好的改善作用6。但两者联合应用的效果尚不清楚。基于此,本研究探究济川煎加味联合乳果糖治疗老年CFC的疗效。

1 一般资料

选取2024年1月—2024年8月河北省沧州中西医结合医院收治的老年CFC患者72例作为研究对象,以简单、随机对照法,按照入院顺序将2024年1—4月入院者分为对照组(36例,予以乳果糖治疗),2024年5—8月入院者纳入治疗组(36例,予以乳果糖联合济川煎加味治疗)。2组的基本资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性,见表1。所有患者均知晓本研究的内容,并签署知情同意书。本研究符合《赫尔辛基宣言》中的准则。

纳入标准:①符合西医CFC诊断标准7者;②符合中医脾肾阳虚证辨证分型8-9(主症:大便干或不干,排出困难。次症:腹中冷痛,得热则减,四肢不温,小便清长,面色晄白。舌脉象:舌淡苔白,脉沉迟。符合上述主症+次症≥2项者即诊断为脾肾阳虚证者);③年龄为65~80岁。

排除标准:①入组前1个月参与了其他类似研究者;②入组前有CFC治疗史者;③对本研究所使用的药物过敏者;④CFC病程≤6个月者;⑤因器质性病变引起便秘者;⑥合并消化、造血系统功能障碍者;⑦存在精神异常,无法进行正常沟通者。

2 方法

2.1 治疗方法

2组均给予常规治疗,如调整膳食结构,增加水与膳食纤维的摄入,给予适当的运动锻炼指导等。

在以上治疗的基础上,对照组给予乳果糖口服液(规格为15 mL·袋-1,Abbott Healthcare Products B.V)治疗,每次15 mL,每日1次。连续治疗8周。

在对照组治疗的基础上,治疗组给予济川煎加味治疗。组方:肉苁蓉12 g,当归15 g,牛膝12 g,枳壳、升麻各6 g,泽泻9 g。汤药由河北省沧州中西医结合医院制剂部门煎制,煎煮1~2 h后过滤,取200 mL药汁,于早、晚服用,每次100 mL。连续治疗8周。

2.2 观察指标

2.2.1 肠道菌群

于治疗前后,分别取2组自然排便的新鲜中段粪便0.5 g,保存于-80 ℃冰箱中,采用细菌DNA提取试剂盒(上海源叶生物科技有限公司)提取上述样本的细菌DNA,根据标准菌株16S rDNA基因序列设计PCR引物,并将其与提取的DNA进行比对,得出提取DNA的循环阈值,计算肠道菌群的拷贝数。

2.2.2 胃肠激素

于治疗前后,分别抽取2组的空腹静脉血5 mL,以3 500 r·min-1离心10 min,取上清液,使用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血管活性肠肽(vasoactive intestinal peptide,VIP)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)的水平。检测试剂盒均购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司。

2.2.3 结肠传输时间

于治疗前后,2组患者均口服用不透X线的标记物制成的标记物胶囊1枚(含20枚标记物小颗粒),采用X光机(南京普爱医疗设备股份有限公司)动态追踪,以检测左结肠传输时间(left colonic transit time,LCTT)、直肠乙状结肠传输时间(rectosigmoid transit time,RSTT)、全结肠传输时间(total colonic transit time,TCTT)。

2.2.4 不良反应

记录治疗过程中,2组患者恶心、腹痛、腹泻、皮疹等不良反应的发生情况。

2.2.5 生活质量

于治疗前和停药后1个月随访时,用便秘患者生存质量量表(Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life,PAC-QOL)评估2组的生活质量。PAC-QOL包括28个条目,每个条目5分,共140分,分数与生活质量成反比9

2.2.6 复发率

停药后1个月随访,调查2组的复发情况。

2.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 28.0软件对数据进行处理。以Shapiro-Wilk检验数据的正态性,符合正态分布的计量数据以(x¯±s)表示,比较行t检验;计数资料用“例(%)”表示,比较行χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3 结果

3.1 肠道菌群的比较

治疗后,2组的大肠埃希菌含量均降低,且治疗组低于对照组;乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌的含量均升高,且治疗组均高于对照组(P<0.05)。见表2

3.2 胃肠激素的比较

治疗后,2组的VIP、NO、NPY水平均降低,且治疗组均低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表3

3.3 结肠传输时间的比较

治疗后,2组的LCTT、RSTT、TCTT均缩短,且治疗组均短于对照组(P<0.05)。见表4

3.4 不良反应的比较

2组不良反应发生率(11.11% vs. 19.44%)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表5

3.5 生活质量、复发率的比较

停药后进行1个月随访发现,2组的PAC-QOL评分均降低,且治疗组低于对照组(P<0.05);2组的复发率(5.56% vs. 13.89%)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表6

4 讨论

CFC在中医学中属于“便秘”“大便难”“秘结”范畴,《灵兰秘典论》中记载:“大肠者,传道之官,变化则出焉”,阐述了大肠传导异常为导致便秘的主要原因之一。而便秘与脾肾异常具有紧密的相关性,老年患者因脾气不足,肾阳虚损,津液输布受阻,故津枯液少,粪便通行不畅10。脾肾阳虚、津液枯燥为老年CFC的关键病机,治疗应以补肾助阳、润肠通便为主要原则。济川煎为治疗脾肾阳虚证的常用药方,其治疗效果确切11-12

济川煎由肉苁蓉、当归、牛膝、枳壳、升麻以及泽泻6种中药材组成,其中肉苁蓉可补肾益精、润燥滑肠;当归可补血润燥、润肠通便;牛膝则可活血通经、补益肝肾,将其与肉苁蓉联合使用可加强补肾求精的作用,将肉苁蓉、牛膝与当归联合使用则可温肾润肠,改善肠道功能;泽泻可泻热通淋、利水渗湿;升麻可提举阳气、清热解毒;枳壳则可行滞消胀、理气宽中。诸药共奏,则有温养脾肾、益精养血、润肠通便之效。现代药理学研究发现,加味济川煎可促进体液分泌,提高神经反射,促进肠道蠕动,进而改善胃肠动力13。杨为霞等14研究发现,加味济川煎可能通过改善老年CFC患者的胃肠激素水平来促进胃肠动力,加强肠道蠕动。本研究结果显示,治疗后,治疗组的VIP、NO、NPY水平均低于对照组;LCTT、RSTT、TCTT均短于对照组,表明济川煎联合乳果糖治疗老年CFC可有效改善患者的胃肠激素水平,缩短肠道传输时间。NO为一种抑制性神经递质,其水平升高可使肠平滑肌松弛,进而抑制肠道蠕动15。VIP属于抑制性肠肽,其可通过作用于VIP受体激活腺苷酸环化酶,从而活化PKA,舒张平滑肌,抑制结肠运动16。NPY可调节胃肠道运动的活性,其水平升高则会抑制肠液分泌,为导致便秘的原因之一17。现代药理学研究发现,济川煎中的有效成分山柰酚可抑制NO释放,中和自由基,降低编码iNOS和COX-2 mRNA的表达水平,从而改善由炎症反应导致的细胞损伤,维持肠道稳定18;而槲皮素可通过乙酰胆碱受体调节便秘大鼠的肠胃蠕动能力,并促进其黏蛋白分泌,从而改善便秘大鼠的胃肠功能19;黄芩素则可刺激大鼠结肠黏膜氯离子的分泌,引起电流短路响应,从而发挥激活胃肠神经功能,改善便秘症状的作用20

肠道菌群紊乱为CFC患者中常见的现象,其主要因为粪便在肠道内长时间滞留导致,表现为以双歧杆菌与乳酸杆菌为主的益生菌含量降低,致病菌含量增加21-22。本研究结果显示,治疗后,治疗组的大肠埃希菌含量低于对照组,乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌含量均高于对照组。表明济川煎联合乳果糖治疗老年CFC可调节肠道菌群。与高莉等23的研究结果一致。本研究中,济川煎联合乳果糖治疗老年CFC可提高患者的生活质量,分析原因可能为患者的肠道菌群得到了有效调节,胃肠功能获得了有效恢复,从而提高了患者的排便效率。本研究结果显示,2组不良反应发生率与复发率比较差异均无统计学意义,表明联合治疗的安全性较高。

综上所述,济川煎加味联合乳果糖治疗老年CFC,可通过调节肠道菌群,促进肠道蠕动,改善结肠传输时间,从而降低其复发率,提高生活质量。但本研究存在局限性,即样本量较小,且为单中心研究,容易形成结果的单一性,造成结果偏倚,后续将联合多家研究中心,加大样本量进行深入研究。

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