中医药通过调控PI3K/Akt信号通路改善胃溃疡的研究进展

何静 ,  祁丽萍 ,  童丽 ,  索南邓登

西北药学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (6) : 297 -308.

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西北药学杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (6) : 297 -308. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2025.06.044
综述

中医药通过调控PI3K/Akt信号通路改善胃溃疡的研究进展

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Research progress in traditional Chinese medicine regulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway to improve gastric ulcer

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摘要

目的 胃溃疡是常见的消化系统疾病,发病率随现代生活节奏的加快呈逐年上升趋势,现有西药治疗存在导致低血镁及致癌等风险。该研究旨在系统梳理中医药通过调控磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)信号通路治疗胃溃疡的作用机制。 方法 基于PI3K/Akt信号通路在调控氧化应激、炎症反应和细胞凋亡中的重要作用,通过检索中国知网(CNKI)、PubMed等数据库,整合国内外文献中中药单体、提取物、复方及中医疗法通过该信号通路改善胃溃疡的作用机制。 结果 研究发现中药单体(如绿原酸和吴茱萸次碱)、中药提取物(如白及和黄连)以及中药复方(如小建中汤和理中汤)均可通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制氧化应激、炎症反应及细胞凋亡。 结论 中医药通过多靶点调控PI3K/Akt信号通路改善胃溃疡,但其现代化发展仍面临瓶颈,如物质基础不明确、多成分-多靶点协同作用机制解析不足及标准化评价体系缺失等。

Abstract

Objective Gastric ulcer is a prevalent digestive condition, the frequency of which is increasing year by year with the hurried pace of modern living, and the existing western pharmacological treatment contains risks such as hypomagnesium and carcinogenicity. This study aims to systematically sort out the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in treating gastric ulcer by modulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. Methods Based on the important role of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis, we searched the databases of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and PubMed to integrate the mechanisms of TCM monomers, extracts, compound, and therapy in domestic and overseas literature to ameliorate gastric ulcer through this signaling pathway. Results This study found that TCM monomers (such as chlorogenic acid and rutecarpine), TCM extracts (such as Bletilla striata and Coptis chinensis), and TCM compound (such as Xiaojianzhong Decoction and Lizhong Decoction) could inhibit oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Conclusions Through multi-target control of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, TCM can alleviate stomach ulcers; nevertheless, obstacles to its modernization remain, including a lack of a standardized evaluation methodology, an unclear material basis, and inadequate understanding of the multi-component-multi-target synergistic process.

Graphical abstract

关键词

中医药 / 胃溃疡 / 磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B信号通路 / 作用机制

Key words

traditional Chinese medicine / gastric ulcer / phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway / mechanism of action

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何静,祁丽萍,童丽,索南邓登. 中医药通过调控PI3K/Akt信号通路改善胃溃疡的研究进展[J]. 西北药学杂志, 2025, 40(6): 297-308 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2025.06.044

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胃溃疡作为消化性溃疡的一种主要类型,近年来其在消化系统疾病中的发病率呈持续上升趋势,给患者的生活质量带来了严峻的挑战1。该病症的发生与多种因素密切相关,包括幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori, HP)感染、药物刺激以及不良的饮食习惯和生活习惯等,这些因素共同作用导致胃黏膜受损并最终形成溃疡2-3。现代医疗中,胃溃疡的治疗大多通过联合使用抗溃疡药物并改善生活方式,以增强胃黏膜的防御能力和降低攻击因子的损伤4。治疗胃溃疡的常用化学药具有诱发低血镁及癌症的风险5-6,因此,在中医药领域探索并开发高效且毒性低、不良反应少的药物,具有极其重要的意义。
近年来,随着中医药在治疗胃溃疡方面的研究日益增多,其独特的疗效和较低的不良反应逐渐受到医学界的关注和重视。胃溃疡的病因主要涉及胃酸分泌过多、氧化应激反应、炎症反应以及细胞凋亡等过程7。研究显示,磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)信号通路在胃溃疡的发病和治疗过程中发挥着重要作用。该信号通路在细胞内外信号转导中占据核心地位,对细胞的炎症、氧化应激和凋亡等生理过程发挥着关键的调控作用8。中医药通过调控PI3K/AKT信号通路有望为胃溃疡的治疗提供新的思路和方法。本文将系统综述近年来中医药通过调控PI3K/Akt信号通路改善胃溃疡的研究进展,旨在为该领域的深入研究和临床实践提供有益的参考。

1 PI3K/Akt信号通路的概述

PI3K/Akt信号通路是细胞中一条重要的信号转导途径,对细胞的氧化应激、凋亡和炎症等生理过程具有调控作用。

1.1 基本组成

PI3K是一种胞内磷脂酰肌醇激酶,具有磷脂酰肌醇激酶活性和丝氨酸/苏氨酸(serine/threonine, Ser/Thr)激酶活性9。PI3K可分为Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类,其中Ⅰ类PI3K为异源二聚体结构,由1个调节亚基p85和1个催化亚基p110组成,Ⅱ类包含C2α、C2β和C2γ催化亚型,Ⅲ类也称为PIK3C3,通过结合由调节亚基和催化亚基形成的四聚体复合物实现调节自噬和巨噬细胞吞噬作用8。Akt是一类AGC蛋白激酶组的Ser/Thr激酶,存在3种亚型(Akt1、Akt2和Akt3),包含PH结构域、催化结构域、调节结构域10。Akt1在多种组织中广泛表达;Akt2主要在胰岛素敏感组织中表达,在其他组织中表达水平较低;Akt3仅在脑和睾丸中表达11

1.2 激活机制

PI3K/Akt信号通路基于跨膜受体酪氨酸激酶(receptor tyrosine kinase,RTKs)的活化被激活。RTKs包括表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)、成纤维细胞生长因子受体(fibroblast growth factor receptor,FGFR)和胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ受体(insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF-IR),而配体(如同源生长因子、细胞因子和激素)可通过活化RTKs来激活PI3K/Akt信号通路12。活化的RTKs将异二聚体p85α~p110α募集到细胞膜上,催化磷脂酰肌醇4,5-二磷酸(phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate, PIP2)的3位羟基磷酸化生成磷脂酰肌醇3,4,5-三磷酸(phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate,PIP3)13。响应于PIP3募集,磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶1(3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1,PDK1)和Akt一起紧密定位在膜上。PDK1磷酸化苏氨酸308位点激活Akt,而后Akt丝氨酸473位点可以被哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物2(mammalian target of rapamycin complexe 2, mTORC2)磷酸化,进一步激动或抑制下游信号通路,从而调控细胞的多种生理功能14。Akt通过磷酸化激活多个下游靶标,包括哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)、糖原合酶激酶3(glycogen synthase kinase-3, GSK-3)和核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)等10

2 PI3K/Akt信号通路与胃溃疡的关系

PI3K/Akt信号通路调控细胞的氧化应激、凋亡、炎症等生理过程,与胃溃疡密切相关。

2.1 氧化应激

当胃黏膜受到攻击时产生大量的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),引起胃黏膜损伤,并加重胃黏膜炎症反应。PI3K/Akt信号转导能激活核因子-红细胞2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)信号通路,上调血红素氧合酶1(heme oxygenase 1,HO-1)表达,并启动过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)等抗氧化酶15,清除体内的活性氧自由基,减少氧化应激对胃黏膜的损伤,增强胃黏膜细胞的抗氧化能力,有助于维持胃黏膜细胞的正常生理功能,从而促进胃溃疡的愈合16

2.2 炎症反应

当胃黏膜受到刺激时引发炎症反应,中性粒细胞聚集到损伤部位。随后巨噬细胞和肥大细胞被激活,产生大量的炎症介质,进一步加剧炎症反应,导致胃黏膜损伤加重17。PI3K/Akt信号通路通过活化NF-κB等转录因子抑制炎症因子的表达,减少肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)的产生,促进白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10, IL-10)的生成,从而减轻胃黏膜的炎症反应,保护胃黏膜免受进一步损伤18

2.3 细胞凋亡

正常情况下,细胞进行正常的增殖与凋亡过程,以维持黏膜屏障的完整性。ROS的积累、炎症因子的刺激和胃黏膜细胞的直接损伤等均能引起胃黏膜细胞异常凋亡。PI3K/Akt信号通路通过调节抗凋亡蛋白B淋巴细胞瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2, Bcl2)和促凋亡蛋白Bcl-2相关X蛋白(BCL2-Associated X,Bax)、半胱天冬酶9(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-9,Caspase-9)、半胱天冬蛋白酶-3(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3,Caspase-3)等的表达,抑制细胞凋亡的发生,从而维持胃黏膜的完整性19-20。此外,PI3K/Akt信号通路还能通过促进细胞增殖和分化,加速胃黏膜细胞的修复过程4

PI3K/Akt信号通路在胃溃疡的发生和发展中发挥着重要的调控作用,其通过调节氧化应激、炎症反应及细胞凋亡等生理过程,影响胃黏膜的损伤与修复平衡,进而对胃溃疡的发病机制和治疗产生影响(见图1)。因此,针对PI3K/Akt信号通路的药物研发可为胃溃疡的治疗提供新的思路和方法。

3 中医药调控PI3K/Akt信号通路治疗胃溃疡

3.1 中药单体

从现有的研究可知,调控PI3K/Akt信号通路防治胃溃疡的中药单体主要包括黄酮类、生物碱及酚酸类等化合物。

3.1.1 黄酮类

桑黄素是从多种植物中分离得到的一种黄酮类化合物。研究表明,桑黄素通过增强PI3K/mTOR信号通路,从而对抗炎症和细胞凋亡,改善胃黏膜损伤21

槲皮素是从多种植物中提取分离得到的一种黄酮类化合物。槲皮素通过抗氧化和抗炎作用治疗胃黏膜损伤22。研究表明,槲皮素通过调节PI3K/Akt信号通路,抑制细胞凋亡和炎症反应,改善线粒体功能和黏膜屏障,具有潜在的抗胃溃疡作用23

3.1.2 酚酸类

绿原酸是一种存在于多种植物中的酚酸类化合物,具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗微生物等作用24。研究表明,绿原酸通过调控Akt/mTOR信号通路抑制细胞凋亡和自噬过程发挥胃黏膜保护作用19

原儿茶酸广泛存在于多种植物之中,如无梗五加、荭草和苦味叶下珠等,具有抗炎、抗糖尿病和抗溃疡等多种生物活性25。研究表明,原儿茶酸通过激活PI3K/mTOR信号通路,抑制氧化应激,防止胃肠道细胞死亡,从而改善胃黏膜损伤26

3.1.3 生物碱类

吴茱萸次碱是从吴茱萸中提取分离得到的一种喹唑啉生物碱27。研究表明,吴茱萸次碱通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制氧化应激、炎症反应和细胞凋亡,从而促进胃黏膜细胞的存活,发挥其抗胃溃疡作用28

3.1.4 萜类

异土木香内酯是从土木香或总状土木香中提取得到的一种倍半萜内酯,具有抗炎、抗氧化和抗肿瘤作用29。研究发现,异土木香内酯能调控PI3K/Akt信号通路中炎症相关基因mRNA的表达,改善GES-1细胞损伤,从而发挥抗胃溃疡的作用30

3.1.5 类胡萝卜素类

虾青素是一种橙红色、脂溶性的叶黄素类胡萝卜素,属萜烯类不饱和化合物,具有抗氧化、抗炎和胰岛素抵抗等活性31。研究表明,虾青素通过调控PI3K/Akt/mTOR/NF-κB信号通路,抑制基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase, MMPs)的表达以及细胞的侵袭和迁移能力,从而改善人胃腺癌(human gastric adenocarcinoma,AGS)细胞损伤32

3.1.6 蒽醌类

大黄素是从大黄等多种植物中提取分离得到的一种蒽醌类化合物,具有抗炎及抗氧化等多种生物活性33。研究表明,大黄素通过调控PI3K/Akt信号通路中相关蛋白的表达,从而改善应激性胃黏膜损伤34

3.2 中药提取物

3.2.1 抗炎、抗氧化

白及为兰科白及属植物白及[Bletilla Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f.]的干燥块茎。白及多糖是白及的主要化学成分,具有抗氧化、抗炎和止血愈合等作用35。研究表明,白及多糖通过调控PI3K/Akt信号通路改善慢性胃黏膜损伤36。此外,研究表明,白及非多糖成分通过调控PI3K/Akt信号通路中炎症相关蛋白表达,改善急性胃溃疡黏膜损伤37

紫薯[Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam]为旋花科番薯属草本植物,紫薯多糖具有抗氧化、抗炎、免疫调节和抗溃疡等多种生物活性38。紫薯多糖通过激活PI3K/Akt/Rheb/mTOR信号通路,提高小鼠的免疫功能,维持免疫系统的平衡,从而保护胃黏膜,改善胃溃疡39

杜仲科杜仲属植物杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliver)多以树皮入药,但会对杜仲树产生不可逆的损伤。值得注意的是杜仲叶同样具有抗氧化和抗菌等多种生物活性40。研究表明,杜仲叶通过激活PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路可显著减少氧化应激和炎症,从而改善胃溃疡40

霍山石斛(Dendrobium huoshanense)为兰科石斛属草本植物,具有抗炎、抗氧化和免疫调节等药理作用41。研究表明,霍山石斛通过调节EGFR/PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制炎症,促进细胞增殖,从而修复胃黏膜损伤42

木瓜为蔷薇科木瓜海棠属植物皱皮木瓜(Chaenomeles speciosa)的成熟果实。研究表明,木瓜通过调节PI3K/Akt和MAPK信号通路抑制炎症,从而改善胃黏膜损伤43

矮紫堇是道地藏药材,为罂粟科紫堇属植物尼泊尔黄堇(Corydalis hendersonii Hemsl.)和尖突黄堇(Corydalis mucronifera Maxim.)的干燥全草,具有抗炎、抗氧化和抗心肌缺血等生物活性44。研究表明,矮紫堇通过调节PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制炎性细胞因子的释放,从而改善人胃黏膜(human gastric epithelial,GES-1)细胞损伤45

高良姜(Alpinia officinarum Hance)为姜科山姜属多年生草本植物,香附(Cyperus rotundus L.)为莎草科莎草属多年生草本植物,两者均具有抗氧化和抗炎作用。研究表明,高良姜-香附药对通过调控PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制炎症,从而改善胃黏膜损伤46

藕节为莲科莲属植物莲(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)的干燥根茎节部。藕节炭为藕节的炮制品,具有收敛止血的功效。研究表明,藕节炭通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制炎症、氧化应激和细胞凋亡,促进胃黏膜的修复47

3.2.2 抗细胞凋亡

沉香为瑞香科沉香属植物白木香[Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg]含有树脂的木材。研究表明,沉香通过激活PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路调控细胞凋亡,从而有效改善急性胃黏膜损伤48

甘草为豆科甘草属植物甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)的根和根状茎。研究表明,甘草黄酮通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制氧化应激、炎症反应和细胞凋亡,从而防治胃溃疡49

三七为五加科人参属植物三七(Panax notoginseng)的块根。三七总皂苷具有抗凝血、抗血小板聚集、抗氧化和抗炎等作用50。研究表明,三七总皂苷通过调控PI3K/Akt信号通路相关蛋白表达,减轻细胞凋亡和屏障功能障碍,对GES-1细胞损伤具有保护作用51

黄连(Coptis chinensis Franch.)为毛茛科黄连属多年生草本植物,其有效成分的含量受到不同炮制方法的影响。姜黄连是使用姜汁对黄连采用特定炮制工艺制成的中药饮片,研究表明,姜黄连通过调控PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制炎症和细胞凋亡,促进慢性胃黏膜损伤的修复52

砂仁(Amomum villosum Lour.)是姜科豆蔻属多年生草本植物,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗菌和保护胃肠道等作用53。研究表明,砂仁通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制炎症和细胞凋亡,从而减轻胃黏膜损伤54

3.3 中药复方

3.3.1 抗炎、抗氧化

黄芪建中汤具有温中补气、和里缓急之功效。研究表明,黄芪建中汤通过调控PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制炎症,改善慢性胃黏膜损伤55

三黄泻心汤具有泻火燥湿之功效。研究表明,三黄泻心汤通过调控PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路抑制炎症,从而改善应激性胃黏膜损伤56

理中汤具有温中祛寒、补气健脾之功效。研究表明,理中汤通过调控PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制炎症,从而发挥抗胃溃疡作用57

痛泻要方具有调和肝脾、补脾柔肝、祛湿止泻之功效。研究表明,痛泻要方通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制炎症反应和氧化应激,从而促进胃黏膜的修复58

3.3.2 抗细胞凋亡

小柴胡汤具有和解少阳、兼和胃降逆之功效。研究表明,小柴胡汤通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制炎症和细胞凋亡,从而发挥保护胃黏膜的作用59

小建中汤具有温中补虚、和里缓急之功效。研究表明,小建中汤通过激活PI3K/Akt/mTOR/ULK1 (Ser757) 信号通路,拮抗阿司匹林引起的氧化还原动态失衡,保护胃黏膜的完整性60

胃痛欣来源于祖传秘方,具有抗炎作用,主要用于治疗胃肠道疾病61。研究表明,胃痛欣通过调控PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制炎症和细胞凋亡,改善胃黏膜损伤62

3.3.3 其他

四君子汤具有补气、益气健脾之功效。研究表明,四君子汤通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路,促进脾虚型胃溃疡大鼠的胃黏膜愈合63

3.4 中成药

良附丸由高良姜和香附组成,具有温胃散寒、理气止痛之功效。研究表明,良附丸通过抑制MAPK、NF-κB和PI3K/Akt等多条信号通路抑制炎症因子表达,从而改善急性胃黏膜损伤64

康复新液是由美洲大蠊干燥虫体提取物制备而成的液体制剂,具有通利血脉、养阴生肌之功效。研究表明,康复新液通过负调控PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路,发挥抗氧化、抗细胞凋亡和抗炎作用,从而促进胃黏膜损伤修复65

3.5 中医外治法

艾灸是一种传统的中医疗法,主要通过艾叶燃烧产生的热量和草药成分,刺激人体穴位,以达到治疗和保健的目的。研究表明,艾灸“梁门”“足三里”穴能够激活PI3K/Akt/NF-κB等多条信号通路抑制炎症和细胞凋亡,从而促进胃黏膜损伤修复,改善胃黏膜损伤66-67

针刺可以激活经络之气,疏通经络,调节体内脏腑的阴阳平衡,从而起到治疗疾病的作用。研究表明,针刺“梁门”“足三里”穴位可调控PI3K/Akt等信号通路,从而促进胃黏膜损伤修复68。此外,研究表明,电刺“同功穴”可调控PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制炎症和细胞凋亡,从而改善胃黏膜损伤69

4 小结

胃溃疡作为一种常见的消化系统疾病,其发病机制复杂,涉及胃酸过多、HP感染、胃黏膜防御功能减弱等多个因素70。临床用于改善胃溃疡的化学药主要有质子泵抑制剂(如奥美拉唑)和H2受体拮抗剂(如雷尼替丁)等,但该类药常伴随着低血镁及癌症等严重不良反应的风险5-6。近年来,中医药因其独特的理论体系及用药安全性,在胃溃疡的治疗中展现出了显著的优势和潜力。

中医药改善胃溃疡症状可能通过单一途径实现,也可能同时调控多种途径而发挥作用。目前,较多研究关注中药通过抗炎、抗氧化及抗凋亡等途径改善胃溃疡2638。关于中药复方改善胃溃疡的中文文献研究较为丰富,多数研究指出,其通过抗炎和抗氧化途径改善胃溃疡症状。相比之下,外文文献则主要集中于研究中药单体及提取物对胃溃疡的影响,其中单体化合物的研究多聚焦于黄酮类和酚酸类,作用机制均集中于抗氧化、抗炎及抗细胞凋亡。

在胃溃疡的研究中,细胞模型与动物模型相辅相成,共同揭示了胃溃疡的发病机制和治疗策略。在研究胃溃疡的细胞模型中,GES-1、AGS和Int-407细胞系是常用的几种细胞模型。乙醇和H2O2诱导的细胞损伤模型较为常用,其中乙醇诱导的细胞损伤模型模拟了乙醇过量摄入导致的胃黏膜急性损伤,该模型操作简便,且能迅速诱导病变,是研究乙醇性胃溃疡的理想模型。H2O2诱导的细胞损伤模型模拟了体内氧化应激状态下胃黏膜的受损过程。非甾体类抗炎药(如吲哚美辛和阿司匹林)诱导的细胞损伤模型及HP感染模型在胃溃疡细胞模型中也有所应用。此外,研究胃溃疡的动物模型也有多种,其中应激性胃溃疡模型研究较多的为水浸束缚应激模型,通过模拟应激状态诱导胃溃疡的形成;非甾体类抗炎药诱导的胃溃疡模型则是通过给予动物非甾体类抗炎药诱导胃溃疡的产生;乙醇性胃溃疡模型则是通过给动物灌注无水乙醇,直接破坏胃黏膜屏障形成溃疡,其病理特点与人类胃溃疡相似。醋酸浸渍性慢性胃溃疡模型则是通过醋酸烧灼引发溃疡,与人类慢性胃溃疡的发病机制和病理组织学形态相似;HP感染胃损伤模型则是通过给予HP菌液引发溃疡。乙醇性胃溃疡模型和非甾体类抗炎药胃溃疡模型因其造模方法相对简单、成功率高、溃疡形成快且稳定等特点,被广泛用于胃溃疡的研究中。通过结合细胞模型和动物模型,可以更加全面、深入地理解胃溃疡的发病机制,为临床治疗和药物研发提供科学依据。

尽管当前中药治疗胃溃疡的研究较为丰富,但仍有几个方面需进一步深化与拓展:(1)胃溃疡的中医理论体系构建不足。胃溃疡为现代医学术语,根据其临床症状归为中医理论中的胃脘痛。中药治疗需遵循中医之辨证论治原则,其疗效评价亦应涵盖证候诊断标准。目前对于胃溃疡的中医辨证分型、疗效评价等方面虽有所研究,尚缺乏系统的中医理论阐释。(2)针对中药复方的研究尚显薄弱。中药复方由多味中药按一定比例配伍而成,其药效往往是多成分、多靶点、多途径协同作用的结果。尽管中药复方治疗胃溃疡的研究取得了一定的进展,但相较于化学药研发和中药单体研究,其研究深度和广度仍然显得较为薄弱,限制其临床应用。(3)物质基础研究不足。中药含有众多化合物成分,中药复方煎煮过程中更可能产生复杂的化学反应,生成新的化合物,因此中药通过多靶点和多途径发挥抗胃溃疡作用,研究中药化学成分及成分占比尤为重要,但治疗胃溃疡的中药成分分析研究相对较少,中药抗胃溃疡多成分-多靶点-多途径协同效应的研究仍需进一步深入和拓展。(4)作用机制阐释不够深入。在探讨中医药通过PI3K/Akt信号通路治疗胃溃疡的研究中,多数研究仅限于验证中药能调节PI3K/Akt信号通路以产生治疗效果,而对于中药具体作用于该信号通路上的关键靶点,尚缺乏深入细致的研究。(5)临床转化应用滞后。尽管中药治疗胃溃疡的动物实验研究成果丰硕,但转化为临床用药的进程却较缓慢。研究者除需继续深入挖掘中药的药理作用外,更应致力于将具有潜力的中药或中药成分研发成适合临床应用的剂型,以惠及广大患者。

综上所述,PI3K/Akt信号通路在调控氧化应激、炎症反应和细胞凋亡等过程中起着重要作用,中医药则通过调控PI3K/Akt信号通路发挥抗胃溃疡作用。未来的研究可以在当前的研究基础上进一步拓展和深化,涵盖药物临床前研究的其他重要环节,包括但不限于:中药成分分析,以明确复杂的有效成分;药效学研究,以更深入地评估中药对胃溃疡治疗的疗效及其作用机制;药代动力学研究,以了解中药成分在体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程;安全性评价,通过急性毒性、长期毒性及遗传毒性等试验,全面评估中药在胃溃疡治疗中的安全性。通过这些环节更加全面和深入地了解中药在胃溃疡治疗中的应用潜力和价值,从而补充和完善当前的研究体系。全面的研究为中医药的质量控制提供理论依据,为中医药最终进入临床应用阶段奠定基础,为广大胃溃疡患者提供更加安全、有效和多样化的治疗选择。

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基金资助

青海省科技厅创新平台建设专项项目(编号:2022-1-15号)

2020年度青海省“昆仑英才”行动计划项目(青人才字[2020]18号)

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