中医药治疗前列腺癌的研究进展

王凡凡 ,  陈金鹏 ,  郑雅楠 ,  杨元娇 ,  王泽凡 ,  周钰通 ,  田成旺

西北药学杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (1) : 284 -302.

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西北药学杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (1) : 284 -302. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2026.01.039
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中医药治疗前列腺癌的研究进展

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Research progress in the treatment of prostate cancer with traditional Chinese medicine

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摘要

目的 前列腺癌是前列腺上皮增生所致的一种恶性肿瘤,可引起排尿异常、盆腔不适、勃起功能障碍等症状。该文综述了前列腺癌的治疗现状及中医病因病机诊疗思路,重点概述中医药治疗前列腺癌的基础研究,并从内、外治法为角度阐述了中医药辅助治疗前列腺癌的临床疗效研究,为前列腺癌的中医药研究及临床治疗提供参考。 方法 查阅国内外关于中医药治疗前列腺癌的相关文献并对其进行总结。基础研究包括对中药单体、单味药、中药复方以及外治法的作用机制研究;中医药辅助治疗包括内治法、外治法以及内外联合治疗。 结果 基础研究开展体内、外试验探索相关药理作用和作用机制,为后续临床试验及药品研发提供依据。在实际临床应用中,内治法中药复方和中西医结合、外治法直达病灶以及内外联合对中晚期前列腺癌患者的治疗发挥着重要的辅助作用。 结论 通过文献分析前列腺癌中医药研究的主要趋势和未来发展方向,为进一步推动中医药在前列腺癌治疗中的应用提供科学依据和临床指导。

Abstract

Objective Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor caused by prostatic epithelial hyperplasia, which can cause symptoms such as abnormal urination, pelvic discomfort, and erectile dysfunction. This article reviews the current status of prostate cancer treatment and the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) from the perspectives of etiology and pathogenesis. It highlights the fundamental research on TCM-based treatment for prostate cancer and elaborates on the clinical efficacy of TCM as an adjuvant therapy, focusing on both internal and external treatment methods, therefore providing a reference for further research and clinical application of TCM in prostate cancer management. Methods The relevant domestic and international literature on the treatment of prostate cancer with TCM reviewed and summarized. The fundamental research includes the mechanisms of action of TCM monomers, single herbs, compound prescriptions, and external therapies. TCM adjuvant therapy encompasses internal treatment, external treatment, and combined internal-external treatment approaches. Results In vitro and in vivo studies explored the pharmacological effects and mechanisms, providing a basis for subsequent clinical trials and drug development. In clinical practice, TCM compound prescriptions, integrated Chinese and Western medicine, targeted external therapies, and their combined use play a significant adjuvant role in the treatment of middle-to-late-stage prostate cancer patients. Conclusion By analyzing the literature, this study identifies key trends and future directions in TCM research for prostate cancer, offering scientific evidence and clinical guidance to further advance the application of TCM in prostate cancer treatment.

关键词

前列腺癌(PCa) / 中医药治疗 / 基础研究 / 临床疗效 / 内治法 / 外治法

Key words

prostate cancer (PCa) / traditional Chinese medicine treatment / basic research / clinical efficacy / internal treatment / external treatment

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王凡凡,陈金鹏,郑雅楠,杨元娇,王泽凡,周钰通,田成旺. 中医药治疗前列腺癌的研究进展[J]. 西北药学杂志, 2026, 41(1): 284-302 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2026.01.039

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前列腺癌(prostatic cancer, PCa)是指发生在前列腺的上皮性恶性肿瘤,是男性中第二大常见癌症1-2。世界卫生组织数据显示,至2020年全球新增PCa患病人数141万,PCa的死亡率和发病率呈持续增长趋势2。其中,全球PCa死亡人数中有5%来自中国3。地区统计结果显示,我国PCa的发病率位居男性恶性肿瘤第6位,且随年龄增长而升高4-7。近年来,随着我国人口老龄化趋势发病率也在增加,且发达地区人群和老年人发病率较高,伴随着我国医疗诊治水平的提高,我国PCa患者的检出率逐年增加,病死率也呈升高趋势8。PCa严重威胁患者的身心健康9
早期PCa无明显症状,多数患者确诊时已属中晚期10。目前PCa的常规治疗方法主要包括手术、内分泌治疗及放射治疗等,其中内分泌治疗即雄激素剥夺疗法(androgen deprivation therapy, ADT)是临床主要的干预手段11。虽然ADT能在一定程度上延长患者的生存时间,控制肿瘤的发展进程,但治疗18~30个月后,大部分患者不可避免会进展为去势抵抗性前列腺癌(castration-resistant prostate cancer, CRPC)12,且伴随着不同程度的不良反应,患者的生存预后均不理想,无法获得更好的生活质量和更长的生存时间。中医药辅助治疗不仅关注癌症病灶本身,还从患者全身的特点出发,有助于纠正机体失调,具有扶正、祛邪、增效和减毒的作用13。一些癌症晚期患者接受中医药辅助治疗,抑制肿瘤的生长和转移,延长寿命,提高生活质量,生存期明显延长14。虽然已有大量文献阐述中医药治疗PCa的作用机制,但是缺乏基于中医内、外治法这一角度阐释中医药治疗PCa的作用机制。因此,本研究对此做出补充,以期对基础研究与临床实践有所帮助。

1 中医对PCa病因病机的认识

PCa这一名称在我国古籍当中并未记载,现代典型临床排尿困难、尿频或中断、漏尿、排尿疼痛或灼热等表现符合中医“血尿”“癃闭”“积聚”“癥瘕”等范畴15。《黄帝内经》最早提出“膀胱不利为癃”,而“癃闭”首见于《素问·气厥论》,书中云:“胞热移于膀胱,则癃溺血”。《素问·六元正纪大论》称本病为淋16。中医药辨证治疗PCa首分虚实,虚证以“脾虚”“肾虚”为主,实证以“痰毒”“湿热”“血瘀”为主,证型多具有虚实夹杂、本虚标实的特点17

《景岳全书·杂病谟·痰饮》18中云:“痰即水也,基本在肾,其标在脾。……痰生百病,百病多兼有痰。”《湿热病篇》曰:“湿为胶滞阴邪,湿热为患,湿附于热,热裹于湿,湿热交蒸,湿热胶着。”湿热蕴结成因在于痰湿、瘀血等病理产物长期聚于下焦结成肿块,郁久酿生湿热,临证用药应清热燥湿、化瘀解毒,并随证加减19。周智恒认为激素依赖型PCa与中医痰湿瘀毒证型相契合,临证治宜软坚散结,化痰祛瘀;药用祛瘀除癌、解毒软坚的方药20。《医林改错》指出:“元气既虚,必不能达于血管,血管无气必停留而致瘀”,肾虚可从多方面导致血瘀21。《素问·阴阳应象大论》中“其下者,引而竭之”之法治疗,意为在胸腹之下的病症,可采取疏导泄下的方法祛邪,若为血瘀证,当用下瘀法,下瘀方据患者正气之盛衰、血瘀证之轻重给药,总体以泻热逐瘀为主,以治邪实22。经临床研究发现,多数PCa患者血液呈凝、黏、浓、聚状态,且广泛存在血流变和凝血功能的异常,与中医“血瘀证”中血行不畅,血脉瘀滞化积的病机具有极大的相似性,所以现代医家在活血化瘀经典方的基础上根据患者自身情况进行加减23-24

现代临床所用的手术、放疗和化疗等方法虽然作用机制不同,但都会进一步导致患者脾虚。在中医理论中,手术乃属金刃伤的范畴,这一治疗方式伤及人体气血,脾又为气血生化之本,脾虚更甚;另脾土者喜湿润而恶火燥,放疗之热毒直伤脾脏,化疗之相火妄行失位,相火损而不停,脾气虚弱无力25。贾英杰认为“脾虚”是PCa发生的始动因素,癌浊的形成与脾虚关系紧密,脾虚气血生化乏源,则其人本元亏虚;脾为谏议之官,脾虚则监察失司,其人异生癌毒;脾失健运,其人气机升降无力,留而化瘀26。另前列腺位于下焦,为机体水湿代谢必经之地,容易导致痰湿凝聚,且前列腺血运丰富,容易导致瘀血内阻,因此PCa常见的致病因素及病理因素多为痰湿和瘀血27-28

综上所述,PCa患者在脏腑机能失调与痰、湿、热、瘀等病理因素交集杂糅,病机以脾肾亏虚、正气不足为本,湿热浊毒、郁滞瘀结为标,标本因素互为作用致病29。中医强调“正气存内,邪不可干”,《灵枢·百病始生篇》曰:“壮人无积,虚则有之”,可见虚为积之本,积反为虚之标也30。疾病的发生多是内因外因共同作用的结果,内因为主,外因为辅,内因通过外因起作用,强调标本兼治,以治本为主。

2 中医药治疗PCa的基础研究

2.1 中药单体成分

中药成分复杂,具有多靶点、多途径、低毒等优点,且作为癌症的替代疗法已被广泛接受,本文通过对不同类别的抗PCa作用的中药有效成分进行总结发现,分为多酚类(三棱内酯B)30、酚类(丹皮酚)31、黄酮类(黄芩苷、水飞蓟宾、藤黄酸)32-34、醌类(丹参酮、丹参酮ⅡA、二氢异丹参酮Ⅰ、紫草素)35-41、生物碱(粉防己碱、槐定碱、苦参碱、苦豆碱、龙葵素、甜菜碱)42-50、萜类(补骨脂酚、臭椿酮、穿心莲内酯、醋酸泽泻醇B、莪术醇、葫芦素B、积雪草酸、绞股蓝次级皂苷H、雷公藤红素、雷公藤甲素、竹节香附素A)51-62、皂苷类(薯蓣皂苷元)63及其他[二萜苷类(红景天苷)64、二萜醌类(隐丹参酮)]65,其机制主要为调节雄激素受体(hormone receptor,AR)通路、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-linase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein knase B,Akt)通路、跨膜受体蛋白(notch receptor 1,Notch1)/核因子-κB(bnuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)通路、分泌型糖蛋白(Wnt)/β-链蛋白(β-catenin)(ecretory glycoprotein/β-catenin,Wnt/β-catenin)通路、信号转导及转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)通路、改变应激活化蛋白激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)等通路的表达发挥抗癌作用。中药单体治疗PCa的药理作用及作用机制见表2

2.2 单味药

中医治疗PCa的常用中药有守宫、灵芝、黄芩、半枝莲、大戟、槐耳、补骨脂、全蝎、白花蛇舌草等,以软坚散结、清热解毒之功效为主,通过抗肿瘤、抗炎、调节免疫等发挥治疗PCa的作用,其机制与诱导PCa细胞凋亡、抑制PCa细胞增殖以及阻断PI3K/Akt和MAPK/ERK信号通路等有关,如灵芝、黄芩。单味药治疗PCa的药理作用及作用机制见表2

2.3 中药复方

中药复方作为我国传统医学的主要组成部分,在肿瘤防治中发挥着重要作用。如CFF-1(抗前列腺癌Ⅰ号方)、扶正抑瘤方、芪凌汤、益肾通癃汤等。其机制与抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR、Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4, TLR4)/p38、MAPK/NF-κB信号通路的表达有关。中药复方治疗PCa的药理作用及作用机制见表3

2.4 外治法

中医外治法是基于中医理论和先进科学技术,施于体表或从体外进入体内进行治疗的方法,具有简、便、廉、验的特点,包括针灸、电针、穴位贴敷等,其抗PCa的作用机制与抑制前肾上腺素前mRNA强啡肽的表达、调节中枢神经和改善周围组织循环,缓解肿瘤病灶周围的组织水肿等有关。外治法治疗PCa的药理作用及作用机制见表4

3 中医药辅助治疗前列腺癌的临床疗效

3.1 内治法

3.1.1 中药复方辅助治疗PCa的临床疗效

针对前列腺癌西医治疗后出现的不良反应,依据患者的症状、体征、体质进行辨证论治是中医药治疗的根本原则,中医内治法对不同的不良反应选用不同的中药复方,如肾虚心火旺盛之潮热采用清心滋肾汤,肝肾阴虚/肝阳上亢之潮热采用育阴潜阳汤,气虚所致尿失禁采用调气复化汤等,中医药辅助治疗PCa的临床疗效见表5

3.1.2 中西医结合辅助治疗PCa的临床疗效

PCa西医治疗总则是根据疾病不同阶段选择最佳的治疗方式,包括局限性阶段、根治性治疗后复发、转移性激素敏感性阶段和去势抵抗阶段,分别给予的治疗手段为根治性治疗辅助ADT、外照射放射治疗(external beam radiation therapy, EBRT)、主动监测,挽救性放疗、挽救性放疗联合ADT、ADT挽救性前列腺切除,ADT联合治疗,分层治疗、支持治疗111-113。然而患者在接受中医药治疗干预时多为中晚期,常伴原发病灶的骨转移和淋巴结的广泛转移,甚至已发展成为CRPC114-115,中医药结合西医治疗在提高临床疗效的同时,还能减轻药物的不良反应,提高患者的生活质量,延缓甚至控制病情发展,使患者重新获得有效治疗,延长生存期116。中西医结合治疗PCa的具体临床疗效见表6

3.2 外治法

外治法可有效改善PCa根治术后下尿路状况,改善患者尿失禁情况;并且减轻患者癌痛的效果显著,可改善患者的活动能力,提高患者的生活质量。中医外治法辅助治疗PCa的临床疗效见表7

3.3 中医内、外联合治疗

近年来,临床常通过辨证论治,以中药内服为主,以缓慢平和地调节全身脏腑经络气血,外治法因其具有见效快的特点,进一步联合治疗达到增加临床疗效的目的。内外合治包括中药复方口服联合针灸、中药复方口服联合穴位艾灸等。具体内外治法联合辅助治疗PCa的临床疗效见表8

4 总结与讨论

中医药在PCa治疗中的研究进展表明,中医药在PCa辅助治疗中可起到关键性作用。随着对PCa的基础研究,各种新的治疗方法和药物正在不断涌现。基础研究通过中药单体、单味药、复方等开展体内、外试验探索相关药理作用和作用机制,为后续临床试验及药品研发提供依据。在实际临床应用中,中医药在中晚期PCa患者治疗中发挥着重要的辅助作用,内治法中药复方和中西医结合、外治法直达病灶以及二者联合辅助治疗PCa达到扶正祛邪、增效减毒的功效,尤其对于改善患者在治疗过程中出现的不良反应效果显著,如潮热、下尿路以及雄激素缺乏症状,并且能及时减轻患者的痛苦,提高患者的生存质量。

中医强调整体观念、辨证论治的诊疗思想,坚持治病求本,以扶正祛邪、标本兼治为原则。但是在PCa的治疗中仍存在不足:中医“未病先防,即病防变”理念没有广泛普及;中医药治疗PCa没有统一的辨证规范和疗效评价标准;中医药治疗PCa的临床疗效研究较少;外治法治疗PCa缺乏明确的作用机制研究;外治法治疗PCa的安全性研究较少。因此,一方面中医药治疗PCa仍需进行深入研究;另一方面,中医药需要建立或完善辨证规范和疗效评价标准以及增加外治法的安全研究。

综上所述,将基础研究与临床疗效研究进行有效结合,可为PCa患者诊疗提供新思路,促进抗PCa诊治在中医药领域的进一步发展。

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