药物联合益生菌在炎症性肠病治疗中的研究进展

杨弦乐 ,  刘雪 ,  王嗣岑 ,  夏鹏 ,  景王慧

西北药学杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (2) : 282 -292.

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西北药学杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (2) : 282 -292. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2026.02.039
综述

药物联合益生菌在炎症性肠病治疗中的研究进展

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Research progress of drugs combined with probiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

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摘要

目的 炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD)是一种慢性、复发性、免疫介导性的疾病,病程迁延,目前尚缺乏根治手段。通过系统分析不同药物类型与益生菌联合应用的研究特点、潜在优势及存在的问题,为联合治疗策略的优化提供参考。 方法 系统检索中国知网、万方、PubMed和Web of Science等数据库近10年不同药物联合益生菌治疗IBD的相关文献,对IBD联合治疗的基础研究与临床研究进行整理归纳,从联合药物类型、疗效评价指标及安全性等方面进行综合分析。 结果 药物联合益生菌治疗IBD涉及多种药物类型,在改善临床症状方面具有显著优势,安全性良好。但相关研究在益生菌菌株、给药方案及疗效评价指标等方面差异较大,且联合治疗的具体作用机制尚不清晰。 结论 药物联合益生菌为IBD的协同治疗提供了新策略,目前证据尚不足以支持其标准化临床应用。未来研究应加强药物与益生菌相互作用机制的基础研究,规范益生菌联合应用的评价体系,以促进联合用药模式的合理应用与发展。

Abstract

Objective Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immune-mediated chronic, relapsing disorder with a long clinical course and being considered no curative treatment available. This research paper intends to evaluate the research paradigms, synergistic benefits and current challenges in the combination use of various drugs with probiotics, therefore to provide a strategic reference for optimizing integrated treatment plans. Methods A ten-year systematic literature search for pharmacological agents used alone or in combination with probiotics for IBD treatment was performed by using CNKI, Wanfang Data, PubMed and Web of Science databases. Integration of both basic and clinical researches was done in 2 parts and based on this, co-administered drugs, efficacy evaluation indices and safety were classified. Results The use of pharmacological agents coupled with probiotics covers a wide range of drug classes and offer important benefits in relief of clinical symptoms with an excellent safety profile. Nonetheless, the current studies show significant variations in probiotic strains, administration methods, and effectiveness evaluation indices and the specific mechanisms of such combined therapies still need further study. Conclusion The combination use of drugs and probiotics is a promising strategy to enhance the treatment of IBD. Nevertheless, current evidence remains insufficient for its systematic use in clinical settings. Further research is warranted to investigate the mechanistic aspects of drug-probiotic interactions and to develop a set of standardized evaluation criteria for their combined use so that this model can be used and developed rationally.

关键词

炎症性肠病 / 益生菌 / 联合治疗 / 化学药物 / 中药 / 应用进展

Key words

inflammatory bowel disease / probiotics / combination therapy / chemical drugs / traditional Chinese medicine / application progress

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杨弦乐,刘雪,王嗣岑,夏鹏,景王慧. 药物联合益生菌在炎症性肠病治疗中的研究进展[J]. 西北药学杂志, 2026, 41(2): 282-292 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2026.02.039

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炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD)是一种以慢性炎症反复发作与缓解交替为特征的胃肠道疾病,常伴随典型的消化系统症状及多种肠外表现,主要包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)和克罗恩病(Crohn's disease, CD)两种亚型1。流行病学显示2-3,全球患者人数超过700万,高发于欧美地区。据统计,近20年来我国男女年龄标准化发病率从1.45/10万人已增加至3.62/10万人,呈现不断上升的趋势4-5。作为一种全球性疾病,IBD病因与发病机制复杂,涉及遗传易感性、肠道微生物群改变、免疫失衡等多重因素6。其中,肠道菌群生态失调及其代谢功能异常是驱动IBD发生与慢性炎症持续的核心机制之一7
目前尚无根治IBD的特效药物,临床指南主要以对症治疗为原则,包括抗炎、免疫调控及黏膜修复8。然而,在实际临床情境下,单一药物的治疗效果存在一定局限性,不同靶向药物的联合治疗也因此逐渐受到关注9。在此背景下,微生态干预逐渐成为IBD管理的重要方向10。益生菌因其具备免疫调控、改善代谢、强化黏膜屏障修复等优势,目前已成为微生态治疗领域的研究热点之一11。研究表明12-14,益生菌与化学药或中药联合应用,具有协同增效的潜在临床价值,或能为IBD患者提供新的治疗突破口。因此,本文基于IBD的微生态病理特征,系统综述益生菌联合不同类别药物治疗IBD的临床应用与研究进展,以期为更高效、更精准治疗策略的制订提供参考。

1 IBD的发病机制

IBD发病机制十分复杂,涉及遗传、环境、免疫和肠道微生物群改变等多重因素。其中,遗传易感性与IBD的发生和发展密切相关。全基因组关联研究15-16结果显示,目前已识别出240多个与炎症性肠病相关的风险位点,多与先天和适应性免疫调控、自噬过程、微生物识别及肠上皮屏障完整性等信号通路有关。除遗传因素外,环境暴露是诱发IBD的重要外在因素。Meta分析17结果显示,西式饮食模式、吸烟、抗生素暴露和早期感染等因素与IBD的发生风险显著相关。这些环境因素可通过改变肠道通透性、促进免疫系统异常激活及干扰肠道微生态组成进而驱动疾病的发生18。此外,免疫调控失衡在IBD的发病机制中亦发挥重要作用,研究表明22,肠道免疫应答异常会促进机体氧化应激水平提高,导致肠上皮屏障功能受损,同时伴随免疫细胞浸润和免疫功能的失调19-20。因此,在遗传易感性、环境刺激及免疫异常的共同作用下,肠道微生物群稳态会进一步遭到破坏,导致肠道菌群及其小分子代谢产物多样性降低,功能性有益菌减少,加重黏膜屏障损伤和免疫失衡21-22,成为推动IBD发生和进展的重要环节23。综上所述,肠道微生物群在营养代谢、免疫调节及屏障维护中的枢纽作用,是其维持肠道健康的核心机制,为益生菌微生态疗法的应用提供了重要理论基础。

2 IBD临床诊疗的现状及困境

IBD的治疗目标主要在于促进黏膜愈合、缓解临床症状、提升患者生活质量,以及降低并发症与不良反应的发生率。根据IBD临床分型与活动度,治疗主要以药物为主,包括氨基水杨酸类药物(美沙拉嗪)、皮质类固醇(糖皮质激素)、免疫抑制剂(硫唑嘌呤和甲氨蝶呤)、生物制剂如肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)拮抗剂、抗整合素及抗白细胞介素制剂,以及逐步应用于临床的小分子靶向药物(激酶抑制剂和1-磷酸鞘氨醇受体调节剂)24-27。这些药物尽管能在一定程度上控制病情,但不同患者对药物治疗的反应存在显著个体差异,部分患者即使接受规范化治疗,仍难以获得持续稳定的临床缓解28。研究显示29,对生物或小分子疗法有疗效的患者,最终有大约50%的患者将随着时间推移失去效果。而对于中重度IBD患者,长期使用糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂、生物制剂及小分子靶向药物,会增加不良事件的发生风险,包括感染30、骨髓抑制31、输注反应28、恶性肿瘤32。例如接受硫代嘌呤类药物治疗的UC患者发生淋巴瘤的风险显著升高,且随治疗时间延长而上升33。此外,长期治疗所衍生的用药依从性不足、经济负荷以及心理负担等问题34-35,也在很大程度上限制了疗效的长期维持。

随着对疾病机制的深入理解,不同靶点联合干预为实现疾病长期缓解提供了思路和可能。前期IBD联合治疗以口服氨基水杨酸类药物联合局部给药为主36,随后针对对单一疗法无效、伴有肠外表现或合并其他难治性免疫介导性疾病的患者,治疗策略逐步扩展为不同类别药物之间的联合应用。最新研究37发现,联合先进靶向治疗(combined advanced targeted therapy, CATT)这一策略,指的是使用两种及以上生物制剂、小分子靶向药或者一种生物制剂联合小分子靶向药物。虽然CATT较单药治疗提升了IBD治疗的应答率,但药物相互作用引发的感染风险增加等不良反应,使临床决策陷入“疗效-安全性”的平衡困境(见表138-39。因此,构建协同增效且具更高安全性的联合干预模式,是当前IBD治疗优化的重要方向。

3 药物联合益生菌在IBD治疗中的研究进展

3.1 益生菌对IBD的治疗作用

益生菌(probiotics)是一类对宿主健康产生积极促进效应的活性微生物群体,广泛定植于肠道生态系统之中,在维持肠道内环境的稳态平衡方面扮演着至关重要的角色44,主要包括乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),代表菌株包括鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus)、干酪乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus casei)、植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)等。体内外肠道炎症模型研究均表明45-46,益生菌可通过增强肠道有益菌定植、抑制条件致病菌繁殖、参与机体免疫反应以修复肠道损伤,这也促使益生菌干预逐渐成为IBD治疗策略的研究重点。

益生菌可通过多种途径调节宿主的免疫功能。研究47发现,采用益生菌干预慢性结肠炎小鼠,不仅能有效抑制炎症反应,还可促进肠道菌群多样性的提升,并降低炎症相关菌的丰度,对肠道微生态恢复效果显著。另有研究48表明,益生菌能够激活Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor, TLR)通路,刺激1型辅助性T细胞(type 1 T helper cells, Th1)分化并促进抗体生成,进而增强黏膜防御能力。益生菌还能上调白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10, IL-10)、转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)等抗炎因子的表达,有助于维持Th17与调节性T细胞的平衡,进而减轻肠道炎症49。此外,在葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sodium sulfate,DSS)诱导的结肠炎模型中,罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)、加氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus gasseri)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)等菌株及其小分子代谢产物,可显著缓解炎症症状并改善肠道菌群失调状况50

在维护肠黏膜完整性的过程中,益生菌可抑制肠上皮细胞凋亡,促进紧密连接蛋白表达,改善肠道屏障的完整性并降低其通透性,同时增强黏液层的厚度和功能。在斑马鱼模型研究51中发现,L. casei与长双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium longum)能够显著提升丁酸和乙酸的丰度,促进肠黏液分泌,有效缓解UC和CD相关症状,并降低IBD模型动物的死亡率。此外,益生菌代谢产物短链脂肪酸对肠道局部代谢环境也具有积极影响,尤其是丁酸,它可作为肠上皮细胞的能量来源,维持肠道低氧状态并上调黏液分泌,有助于肠道屏障的修复52。上述研究结果表明,益生菌可通过多维机制参与IBD的防治,涵盖菌群结构优化、免疫调节与屏障修复等多个靶点,其菌株特异性和良好的安全性特征,为药物联合益生菌治疗IBD提供了重要依据。

3.2 基于化学药物与益生菌联合治疗IBD的研究进展

3.2.1 氨基水杨酸类药物联合益生菌治疗IBD的研究进展

炎症性肠病诊治指南指出,柳氮磺吡啶、奥沙拉秦、美沙拉嗪(5-aminosalicylic acid,5-ASA)是氨基水杨酸类药物的典型代表,5-ASA可上调胃肠道上皮细胞中过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体的表达水平,抑制前列腺素、白三烯等炎症介质的合成,发挥抗炎作用53。新型益生菌罗伊氏乳杆菌LY2-2可显著减轻DSS诱导的结肠炎小鼠疾病活动指数(disease activity index,DAI)并修复组织损伤。LY2-2抑制促炎因子表达、恢复紧密连接蛋白及改善肠道菌群失衡方面的能力在部分评价指标中已经与5-ASA疗效相当,表明特定菌株在抗炎及屏障保护功能方面具有独立作用54。研究55证实,在DSS模型中,由多株双歧杆菌与乳酸杆菌构成的益生菌组合较5-ASA和健康供体粪菌移植更能有效降低疾病活动度及炎症反应,并通过上调紧密连接蛋白和促进短链脂肪酸生成改善肠道屏障功能,表明多菌株制剂在调控肠道微生态稳定性方面具有优势。

近年来围绕美沙拉嗪与益生菌联合应用的临床研究逐渐增多,李毓等56研究发现,在美沙拉嗪治疗的基础上联合益生菌治疗,可进一步提升总体有效率,缩短腹痛、腹泻及黏液血便的时间,且未增加不良反应发生率。李书敏等57研究表明,美沙拉嗪联合双歧杆菌三联活菌治疗IBD,不仅能显著提高治疗效果,还可上调胃动素水平、降低胃泌素及血管活性肠肽水平,该研究表明,益生菌在改善胃肠功能及提高治疗耐受性方面具有一定优势。庄晓灿等58研究显示,与单药治疗相比,采用美沙拉嗪联合双歧杆菌四联活菌片治疗策略在降低促炎因子(TNF-α,IL-8)水平、提高抗炎因子IL-10水平以及降低不良反应发生率等方面更具优势。多项临床研究结果显示,在柳氮磺吡啶治疗的基础上联合益生菌,无论采用口服或局部给药方式,均能在一定程度上缓解腹泻、黏液血便、里急后重等临床症状,同时降低TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8等促炎因子水平,且短期应用安全性良好59-60。上述研究结果表明,相较于单药干预策略,美沙拉嗪联合益生菌治疗,在疗效改善和安全性方面呈现出更明显的获益趋势,见表2

3.2.2 其他化学药物联合益生菌治疗IBD的研究进展

除氨基水杨酸类药物外,其他化学药物联合益生菌治疗在黏膜修复、抗炎、免疫调节中也发挥重要作用,见表3。XIAO F等68研究发现,英夫利昔单抗联合B. longum CECT 7894株较英夫利昔单抗单药治疗,可显著改善DSS诱导的肠炎小鼠肠道菌群多样性,具体表现为乳酸杆菌科等有益菌属相对丰度增加,以及促炎性变形菌相对丰度降低,还可协同提升英夫利昔单抗治疗效果。另有研究69发现,他克莫司联合特定乳酸杆菌菌株,可明显增加DSS诱导的结肠炎小鼠的体质量及生存率,改善结肠组织炎症损伤,其机制可能与调控免疫相关信号通路、改善肠道菌群多样性及纠正肠道胆汁酸代谢紊乱状态有关。针对肠黏膜修复及营养支持的干预目标,NENU I等70研究发现,雷戈拉非尼和鼠李糖乳杆菌联合治疗可显著减轻小鼠炎症反应和降低肠道通透性。另有研究71使用复方谷氨酰胺联合益生菌治疗,结果显示,联合治疗在诱导UC患者临床症状缓解、维持肠道菌群结构稳态及降低肠道通透性等方面,均显著优于常规治疗方案。一项高质量双盲随机对照研究72结果显示,高剂量复合益生菌制剂VSL#3作为辅助治疗可在部分疾病活动指标和直肠出血改善方面取得统计学优势。有研究73在轻中度CD患者中发现,相较于单药治疗,英夫利昔单抗联合酪酸梭菌在降低疾病活动指数、炎症指标,改善肠道屏障功能和菌群多样性方面效果更佳。

3.3 中药与益生菌联合治疗IBD的研究进展

3.3.1 中药联合益生菌的优势

近年来,中医药联合益生菌在IBD诊疗中逐渐凸显优势,尤其在缓解不适症状、调节肠道微生态等方面效果显著。中药多糖可作为肠道微生物的功能性底物,被肠道菌群选择性利用,有助于益生菌增殖,改善肠道微生态免疫失衡。有研究证实,枸杞多糖可显著提高拟杆菌属丰度,增强有益菌增殖能力,同时上调碳水化合物代谢酶活性,尤其是β-半乳糖苷酶与乳酸脱氢酶,在提升菌群对复杂多糖的降解利用效率的同时,强化乳酸及次级代谢产物的生成途径,进而维持肠道内环境稳态77-78。小檗碱79可调节肠道菌群失调及色氨酸小分子代谢紊乱,显著上调吲哚类小分子水平,从而激活芳香烃受体,发挥修复肠黏膜屏障损伤的作用。人参皂苷Rg1、芍药苷通过维持肠道菌群稳态发挥抗炎作用80-81。研究82结果显示,中药成分在进入人体吸收环节前,需经肠道菌群的生物转化作用;而肠道菌群代谢产物可调控中药活性成分的吸收速率、代谢途径、药效强度及毒性反应等关键环节。芽孢杆菌属DU-106发酵石斛可特异性合成甘露糖残基,使免疫调节活性升高83。李瑜等84应用酵母菌与乳酸菌协同发酵复方中药,发现发酵后产物中多糖、多酚、黄酮等活性成分显著富集,其抗氧化能力与抗炎活性同步增强。这可能归因于发酵过程中益生菌能有效分解中药的细胞壁和纤维束,促进细胞内活性成分释放。综上所述,中药与益生菌联合使用,一方面中药可调节肠道菌群并提供代谢底物,改变肠道微环境,增强益生菌生长和增殖能力,实现肠道菌群结构重塑;另一方面可借助益生菌的生物转化作用,提升中药活性成分的生物利用度,发挥多靶点、多途径的双向协同效应。

3.3.2 中药联合益生菌治疗IBD的研究进展

中医药可通过多成分协同作用,调节免疫反应、抑制炎症因子释放并修复肠道微环境,在IBD治疗中展现出显著的抗炎功效,见表4。黄芪颗粒联合益生菌可显著下调IL-23/IL-17炎症轴85;枫蓼肠胃康颗粒86联合益生菌则可抑制TLR/MyD88炎症信号通路的异常激活,为联合干预的免疫调节作用提供了分子机制层面的实验依据。另有研究87证明,由10余种中药组成的缓溃乐复方混悬液与乳杆菌联合使用时,对结肠炎的保护作用显著增强,可发现机体状态由促炎状态向抗炎状态转变,并伴随IL-13和TGF-β上调,同时促进有益菌在肠道微生物群中的定植。

多项临床研究表明,在常规治疗或中药干预的基础上联合应用益生菌后,IBD患者的总体疗效明显改善,且安全性良好,是值得推广的潜在临床策略。一项基于1 154例患者的Meta分析结果显示,益生菌联合中药的效果明显优于单用5-ASA治疗,在改善临床症状方面具有显著优势14。另有研究表明,以白头翁汤、黄芩汤、葛根芩连类方以及裁减方88-90为基础干预措施,联合益生菌治疗后,患者的DAI评分及临床症状缓解程度均优于对照组,表明在中药治疗框架内引入益生菌调节可明显增强整体疗效,发挥抗炎效果,进一步支持中药与益生菌在疾病活动控制中的协同作用。朱文颖等91研究发现,清肠愈疡汤联合益生菌治疗IBD,可显著减轻患者的症状,调节免疫反应、氧化应激水平和肠黏膜屏障功能。此外,在常规治疗的基础上,中药灌肠联合益生菌治疗亦能发挥协同增效的作用。有研究92选取轻、中度UC患者作为研究对象,将其分为常规治疗组和联合治疗组,联合治疗组在基础治疗上加用益生菌和康复新液保留灌肠,结果显示,联合组的总体有效率高,2组均未出现明显不良反应。刘俊杰等93在轻、中度活动期UC患者中开展的研究结果显示,常规治疗联合云南白药保留灌肠及双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊,可显著降低疾病活动指数及内镜评分,抑制炎症,且未增加不良反应发生率94,表明在常规治疗的基础上,中药局部治疗联合益生菌可明显发挥抗炎作用。综上所述,中药联合益生菌治疗UC效果较单药治疗优势明显,但其作用机制多停留于临床指标层面的观察,未来仍需在机制导向研究基础上验证其临床价值。

4 总结与展望

IBD是一种全球性胃肠道疾病,其发生和发展与免疫失调、肠道屏障功能障碍以及肠道微生态失衡关系密切。近年来随着肠道微生态研究的逐步深入,益生菌凭借其对肠道微环境的调控作用,已逐步纳入IBD的临床药物干预方案中。目前研究发现,此策略多应用于UC研究,涉及氨基水杨酸制剂、免疫抑制剂、生物制剂、中药等多种药物类型;而对于CD的研究则相对较少。当前临床研究以小样本量、短期用药试验为主,有效性的观察也主要集中于疾病的活动性以及炎症标志物水平的变化,对于远期预后关注较少,因此很难得出一致性较强的结论。

药物联合益生菌治疗IBD还存在亟待解决的问题:一是药物与肠道微生物之间相互作用机制尚不清楚,多数研究未阐明联合治疗过程中益生菌是否定植,以及其发挥的功能作用对药物疗效的影响;二是益生菌制剂本身的菌种构成、活菌数量以及用法用量各不相同,缺乏标准化评判标准,导致各个研究之间比较困难;三是联合治疗方案中益生菌的独立贡献难以界定。未来,随着对IBD发病机制的深入研究,一方面可通过精准筛选具有特定功能的益生菌菌株,结合患者的个体差异,实现个性化治疗,有望进一步提高IBD的治疗效果。另一方面,通过加强益生菌与化学药物、中药联合应用的基础和临床研究,探索其协同作用机制,优化联合治疗方案,将为IBD患者提供更加安全、有效的治疗选择。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(82174059)

陕西省中医药中青年科技骨干人才项目(2023-ZQNY-004)

陕西省重点研发计划一般项目(2022SF-123)

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