单日静脉化疗致恶心呕吐药物预防的合理性评价

宋佳伟 ,  赵欢欢 ,  张鹏程 ,  陈慧娟 ,  孟冰冰 ,  刘丽 ,  王媛媛

西北药学杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (3) : 330 -338.

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西北药学杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (3) : 330 -338. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2026.03.040
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单日静脉化疗致恶心呕吐药物预防的合理性评价

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Evaluation of the drug prevention rationality for single day intravenous chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting

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摘要

目的 探讨单日静脉化疗致恶心呕吐(chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting,CINV)药物预防的合理性,以期为提高CINV的药物预防水平提供参考。 方法 以药物说明书、国内外CINV临床指南为依据,建立单日静脉CINV药物预防应用合理性评价标准。采用回顾性研究方法,对亳州市人民医院2024年1月出院的316例单日静脉CINV药物预防应用病例的合理性进行分析与评价。 结果 该院单日静脉CINV药物预防应用合理性较差,完全合理的病例有30例(9.49%)。不合理病例的主要问题是未按照指南基本原则选择止吐方案[189例(59.81%)]、预防止吐方案非指南推荐[86例(27.22%)]、给药时机不合理[98例(31.01%)]、给药疗程不合理[155例(49.05%)]、给药剂量不适宜[106例(33.54%)]。用于单日静脉CINV预防药物费用为111.01(47.10,459.12)元,人均费用占人均总药物费用比例为8.16%;合理病例用于单日静脉CINV预防的费用为45.90(5.93,69.10)元,不合理病例为129.60(49.80,481.32)元,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);肿瘤专科用于单日静脉CINV预防的费用为181.63(60.03,521.63)元,非肿瘤专科为49.80(43.50,115.93)元,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。 结论 肿瘤专科在预防方案选择上偏向更高级别的方案,非肿瘤专科在预防方案选择上偏向更低级别的方案;H2受体拮抗剂用于CINV药物预防过于广泛且多数(56.05%)无使用指征,奥氮平在CINV药物预防中的使用频率过低;该院单日静脉CINV药物预防应用合理性需进一步加强,以保障患者用药安全、有效,降低CINV药物预防费用。

Abstract

Objective To explore the rationality of drug prevention for single day intravenous chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in order to provide reference for improving the level of drug prevention for CINV. Methods Based on the drug instructions and domestic and foreign CINV clinical guidelines, the rationality evaluation criteria for the application of single day intravenous CINV drug prevention were established. A retrospective study method was used to analyze and evaluate the rationality of the application of single day intravenous CINV drug prevention in 316 patients discharged from People’s Hospital of Bozhou in January 2024. Results The rationality of single day intravenous CINV drug prevention in the hospital was poor, with 30 cases(9.49%) being completely reasonable.The main problems of unreasonable cases were that the anti-emetic regimen was not selected according to the basic principles of the guidelines in 189 cases (59.81%), the anti-emetic regimen was not recommended by the guidelines in 86 cases (27.22%), the timing of medication was unreasonable in 98 cases (31.01%), the course of medication was unreasonable in 155 cases (49.05%), and the dosage was inappropriate in 106 cases (33.54%).The drug cost for single day intravenous CINV prevention was 111.01 (47.10, 459.12) yuan, and the per capita cost accounted for 8.16% of the total per capita drug cost; the cost of single day intravenous CINV prevention for reasonable cases was 45.90 (5.93, 69.10) yuan, and that for unreasonable cases was 129.60 (49.80,481.32) yuan, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01); the cost of single day intravenous CINV prevention for the Department of Cancer was 181.63 (60.03,521.63) yuan, and that for non-cancer departments was 49.80 (43.50, 115.93) yuan, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). Conclusion The Department of Cancer tends to prefer higher-level programs in the selection of prevention programs, while non-cancer departments tend to prefer lower-level programs. H2 receptor antagonists were too widely used in single day intravenous CINV prevention and most of the cases (56.05%) had no indication for use. Olanzapine was underutilized in the pharmacological prophylaxis of CINV. The rationality of CINV prophylaxis in this hospital requires further improvement to ensure medication safety and efficacy and to reduce the economic burden of CINV management.

关键词

化疗致恶心呕吐 / 指南依从性 / 药物利用评价 / 化疗

Key words

chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting / guidelines compliance / drug use evaluation / chemotherapy

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宋佳伟,赵欢欢,张鹏程,陈慧娟,孟冰冰,刘丽,王媛媛. 单日静脉化疗致恶心呕吐药物预防的合理性评价[J]. 西北药学杂志, 2026, 41(3): 330-338 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2026.03.040

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化疗致恶心呕吐(chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting,CINV)是化疗过程中常见的不良反应,如不进行CINV药物预防70%~80%的患者会出现恶心呕吐,可导致脱水、代谢紊乱、营养缺乏等不良后果1-2,甚至会影响患者抗肿瘤药物治疗的正常进行3。目前单日静脉CINV的药物预防应用研究较少,国内外临床实践对于指南的遵循依从性较差2。国内相关研究4-5也存在样本量较小、参考指南版本较早以及未区分单日和多日静脉化疗等问题。多日静脉化疗存在急性和延迟性CINV叠加风险,致吐风险因化疗药物类别、剂量和给药顺序而异,难以对每日的预防方案给出特定的推荐2-3,故本研究排除多日静脉化疗病例。参考国内外指南,建立包括基本原则、预防方案、给药时机等12个评价指标的单日静脉CINV药物预防合理性评价标准,并运用于316例患者单日静脉CINV药物预防合理性的评价。除此之外,对单日静脉CINV药物预防的专项药物费用进行统计分析,旨在促进CINV药物预防合理使用,降低专项药物费用,为相关研究提供一定参考。

1 一般资料

利用四川美康合理用药系统(Pharm Assist)抽取亳州市人民医院2024年1月所有化疗出院病例。

纳入标准:诊断关键词包括“化疗”或“化学治疗”,单日静脉化疗,住院期间使用过5-羟色胺3受体拮抗剂(5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists,5-HT3 RA)、神经激肽-1受体拮抗剂(neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists,NK-1 RA)、H2受体拮抗剂(H2 receptor antagonists,H2 RA)、质子泵抑制剂(proton pump inhibitors,PPI)、地塞米松、甲氧氯普胺、沙利度胺、丙氯拉嗪、奥氮平中的一种或多种;信息完整(可查询医嘱执行时间、药物用法用量、出入院诊断、病程记录、费用信息等)。

排除标准:住院时间<3 d,诊断为脑肿瘤或其他部位肿瘤脑转移,住院期间伴有放疗,药物非用于CINV预防,多日静脉化疗,化疗方案为口服化疗,自动出院、转院,死亡病例。

2 方法

2.1 单日静脉CINV药物预防合理性评价标准的建立

参考美国NCCN止吐指南2024 Version 16、《化疗所致恶心呕吐的药物防治指南》2、《中国抗肿瘤治疗相关恶心呕吐预防和治疗指南》(2023版)3以及纳入以上指南的高质量研究7-10初步建立单日静脉CINV药物预防应用合理性评价标准。邀请院内外专家对标准进行修订和完善,院外专家包括三级甲等综合医院的医院药学专业主任药师2名、临床药学专业副主任药师4名;院内专家包括肿瘤内科主任医师1名、副主任医师1名、副主任护师1名、血液内科副主任医师1名、临床药学专业副主任药师1名。经院内外专家修订无异议后形成最终标准。

2.2 病例评价

采用Pharm Assist系统点评结合人工点评的方式对最终纳入的病例按照标准进行评价。对病例信息无法判断应用合理性的情况,通过与主管医师和护士沟通,核实临床实际情况,再经处方点评小组人员讨论、共识而判断。如主管医师和护士无法确定,则排除该病例,不纳入本研究。

2.3 统计学方法

应用SPSS Statistics 23.0对数据进行统计分析。计数资料以“例(%)”表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,当理论频数T<5或样本量<40时采用Fisher确切概率检验。正态分布的计量资料以(x¯±s)表示,非正态分布计量资料用 MP25,P75)表示,组间比较采用非参数秩和检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3 结果

3.1 单日静脉CINV药物预防合理性评价标准

经专家修订完善的单日静脉CINV药物预防合理性评价标准见表1

3.2 病例情况

按照纳入标准和排除标准,本研究评价病例316例。其中女性148例(46.84%),男性168例(53.16%);患者年龄为9~90岁,平均(62.81±11.16) 岁;各临床科室评价病例数量、合理情况见表2

3.3 单日静脉CINV药物预防专项药物费用情况

单日静脉CINV药物预防药物费用为111.01(47.10,459.12)元,费用范围为0.6~2 319.2元,CINV药物预防药物人均费用占总药物人均费用的比例为8.16%(259.24/3 176.59)。合理病例用于单日静脉CINV预防的药物费用为45.90(5.93,69.10)元,费用范围为0.6~837.74元,不合理病例费用为129.60(49.80,481.32)元,费用范围为2~2 319.2元,差异具有统计学意义(Z=-4.825,P<0.01)。肿瘤专科(肿瘤内科、血液内科)用于单日静脉CINV预防的药物费用为181.63(60.03,521.63)元,费用范围为0.6~2 319.2元,非肿瘤专科费用为49.80(43.50,115.93)元,费用范围为2~1 217.52元,差异具有统计学意义(Z=-5.091,P<0.01)。

3.4 病例评价

在不符合指南基本原则的病例中,肿瘤专科在单日静脉CINV预防方案上有104例(75.36%)选择更高级别的止吐方案,33例(23.91%)选择更低级别的止吐方案,1例(0.73%)未进行预防。非肿瘤专科在单日静脉CINV预防方案上有17例(33.33%)选择更高级别的止吐方案,31例(60.78%)选择更低级别的止吐方案,3例(5.89%)未进行预防。314例(99.37%)使用了H2 RA,其中176例(56.05%)无使用指征;4例(1.27%)预防方案中使用了奥氮平。非肿瘤专科在预防方案、给药时机、给药剂量和联合用药上较肿瘤专科合理率更高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),各评价指标合理性见表3,不合理病例问题明细见表4,不同级别致吐风险化疗方案选择止吐方案情况见表5

4 讨论

未基于化疗药物致吐风险等级选择预防方案的比例较高(59.81%),其中64.02%的病例会选择更高级别的预防方案,主要为轻度和轻微致吐风险病例选择了更高级别的预防方案,而高度致吐风险病例接近80%选择了更低级别的预防方案。肿瘤专科偏向选择更高级别的CINV预防方案,138例未遵循基本原则的病例中有104例(75.36%)选择更高级别的方案。非肿瘤专科偏向选择更低级别的CINV预防方案,51例未遵循基本原则的病例中有31例(60.78%)选择更低级别的方案。在预防方案的选择中有86例(27.22%)选择非指南推荐方案,包括由5种止吐药物组成的预防方案、以甲氧氯普胺代替推荐方案中的奥氮平、5-HT3 RA+NK-1 RA等。遵循指南选择CINV预防方案可以为患者带来明显的临床获益13,可以显著降低CINV的发生率,提高患者的治疗依从性,并使患者迅速恢复正常的日常活动14-17。临床应根据化疗药物致吐风险选择等级适宜且具备循证医学证据的止吐方案,尤其关注高度致吐风险CINV预防方案,以保障患者的利益。除此之外,选择更高级别的预防方案会增加患者CINV预防的药物费用,偏向选择更高级别CINV预防方案的肿瘤专科药物费用为非肿瘤专科CINV预防的药物费用的2.19倍。

给药时机不合理表现为化疗前过早给予止吐药物或化疗开始后给药,应根据说明书及指南要求在合适的时机给药,以确保化疗开始时体内达到有效的血药浓度,以获得满意的预防效果。给药疗程不合理包括疗程不足和超疗程,疗程不足为中、高度致吐风险化疗方案预防疗程未达到指南推荐的3、4 d,疗程不足可能会导致迟发型CINV的发生。超疗程主要表现为5-HT3 RA、NK-1 RA、H2 RA超指南推荐疗程,无证据表明超疗程使用可以降低CINV的发生率与程度,反而可能会增加不良反应和药物相互作用发生的风险18。无循证医学证据的超疗程用药可能会增加患者不良反应发生率,增加药物费用,加重患者的经济负担。一项南京地区2018—2021年CINV预防用药调查也表明,NK-1 RA药物费用呈现逐年升高的趋势,NK-1 RA可能存在用药不适宜和过度使用的情况19。给药剂量不适宜主要为阿扎司琼单次给药剂量5 mg或20 mg,指南推荐剂量为10 mg。给药剂量不适宜可能会导致预防效果差或降低患者用药的安全性。联合用药问题为两种5-HT3 RA同时使用、H2 RA联合PPI。5-HT3 RA应避免与其他作用机制相同的5-HT3 RA合用,《质子泵抑制剂临床应用指导原则》(2020年版)20中指出H2 RA和PPI应避免联合用药,仅在夜间存在酸突破症状时于睡前或夜间加用H2 RA。在对专项药物费用分析时发现,不合理病例止吐药物的费用是合理病例的2.9倍,且2组费用比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),由此可见合理使用可以显著降低药物费用。

除以上不合理问题外,该院还存在两个突出问题。其一,H2 RA在CINV药物预防中使用过于广泛,共有314例(99.37%)使用了H2 RA,其中176例(56.05%)无使用指征,病程记录明确患者无反酸、反流等症状。相关指南2-3明确不建议常规预防使用H2 RA,如患者有反流症状酌情使用。其二,奥氮平在CINV药物预防中使用偏少,仅4例(1.27%)将奥氮平用于CINV预防。自2014年NCCN首次将奥氮平纳入CINV预防推荐方案以来11,奥氮平在CINV预防中的疗效得到越来越多的证实21-22。国内外指南在中、高度致吐风险预防方案中均有推荐含奥氮平的方案,有研究表明23,含有奥氮平的方案三与方案一在预防高度致吐风险化疗所致的急性和延迟性CINV有效率相近。一项Ⅲ期随机对照研究结果显示24,方案二能更有效地缓解高度致吐风险化疗方案所致的急性期、延迟期和全程的恶心呕吐。应加强对医护的CINV药物预防规范化的培训,促进奥氮平在CINV药物预防中的合理使用。

本研究还存在一些局限性。首先,未考虑CINV发生的高危因素对方案选择的影响,如晕动症史、孕期伴有呕吐、酒精摄入等。考虑回顾性研究存在高危因素无法获取或获取不全面的情况,基于实际情况,存在局限性。其次,本研究存在样本量较小、单中心以及评价标准中联合用药指标仅纳入禁止合用的药物相互作用,在后续研究中将增加其他研究中心,对CINV药物预防做进一步研究。

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基金资助

安徽省教育厅高校科研重点项目(2023AH053215)

亳州市卫生健康委员会科研重点项目(bzwj2023b005)

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