中草药提取物治疗抑郁症的研究进展

吕志远 ,  宋建忠 ,  曹玲玲 ,  游佩进 ,  李文惠 ,  蒲长兵 ,  郝娟

西北药学杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (4) : 26 -33.

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西北药学杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (4) : 26 -33. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2026.04.003
中药与天然药物

中草药提取物治疗抑郁症的研究进展

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Research progress of Chinese herbal medicine extracts in the treatment of depression

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摘要

目的 总结近年来中草药提取物治疗抑郁症的研究进展,介绍具有潜在抗抑郁效果的多种中草药提取物,探讨其作用机制,以期为抑郁症患者的治疗提供更多安全、有效的选择。 方法 查阅国内外相关文献,对皂苷、黄酮、生物碱、挥发油、多糖等中草药提取物及其抗抑郁作用的研究进行归纳和总结。 结果 多种中草药提取物具有潜在的抗抑郁效果,且其作用机制多样,涉及调节神经递质、抗炎、抗氧化、调控信号通路等多个方面。 结论 中草药提取物因具有丰富的生物活性和相对较低的不良反应,逐渐成为抑郁症治疗领域的新研究方向,有望为抑郁症患者提供更多安全有效的治疗选择。

Abstract

Objective To summarize the research progress of Chinese herbal extracts in the treatment of depression in recent years, introduce a variety of Chinese herbal extracts with potential antidepressant effects, explore their mechanisms of action, and provide more safe and effective treatment options for patients with depression. Methods Relevant domestic and international literature was reviewed to summarize and analyze studies on Chinese herbal extracts (such as saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, volatile oils, polysaccharides, etc.) and their antidepressant effects. Results A variety of Chinese herbal extracts show potential antidepressant effects, and their mechanisms of action are diverse, involving the regulation of neurotransmitters, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and modulation of signaling pathways. Conclusion Chinese herbal extracts, owing to their rich biological activities and relatively low adverse reactions, have gradually become a new research direction for the treatment of depression, and are expected to provide more safe and effective treatment options for depressed patients.

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关键词

抑郁症 / 中草药提取物 / 有效成分 / 作用靶点

Key words

depression / herbal extract / active components / therapeutic target

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吕志远,宋建忠,曹玲玲,游佩进,李文惠,蒲长兵,郝娟. 中草药提取物治疗抑郁症的研究进展[J]. 西北药学杂志, 2026, 41(4): 26-33 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2026.04.003

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抑郁症是一种常见的精神障碍疾病,表现为兴趣缺失、思维迟缓、情绪低落、食欲不振、失眠多梦、意志力下降,严重者甚至有自杀倾向1。当抑郁症发生时,机体多处于炎症状态,炎症因子会引起神经内分泌免疫系统紊乱。同时,下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal,HPA)轴出现功能亢进,由其控制的内分泌免疫网络中枢失衡加剧2。其中,中枢神经系统中单胺类神经递质如血清素(serotonin,5-HT)、去甲肾上腺素(noradrenaline, NA)和多巴胺(dopamine,DA)水平下降以及海马区单胺类神经递质受体表达降低。此外,肠道微生物群的组成和多样性发生改变可能导致脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF)功能下降与炎症因子释放,进而引起BDNF水平降低和神经可塑性下降3-4。据世界卫生组织估计,全世界约有5%的成年人患有抑郁症,中低收入国家超过75%的患者得不到适当的治疗5。近年来,抗抑郁药的研究快速发展,新型抗抑郁药不断问世。首先出现的抗抑郁药是50年代开发的单胺氧化酶抑制剂,随后是三环类抗抑郁药,后者迄今仍是主要的临床用药。80年代后,第二代三环类药物,尤其是5-羟色胺摄取抑制剂发展迅速。继这些药物之后,又开发了四环类抗抑郁药6-8。抗抑郁药的使用及心理治疗已被证明可有效治疗抑郁症,但效果通常有限,且并非所有受试者都对这些治疗有反应,仍有大多数抑郁症患者未得到有效治疗9。因此,迫切需要探索不良反应少、作用效果好的新型有效抗抑郁药。
几千年来,中医药在疾病治疗中一直发挥着不可或缺的作用10。尤其是近年来,天然产物因其低毒、高性能等特点越来越受到人们的关注11。天然产物可以通过影响受体、调节神经递质的合成与分布、调节免疫过程等多种方式调节神经传递12-13。研究表明,天然产物中的有效成分通过中和各种应激源,使单胺受体和神经递质水平恢复正常,并使皮层某些部位的单胺类神经递质水平升高,从而起到抗抑郁作用14-15。天然产物其活性化合物通过与5-HT能系统、NA能系统和DA能受体相互作用等多种途径发挥其治疗作用16
随着现代药理学对中草药提取物的深入研究,发现中草药提取物对治疗抑郁症具有良好的疗效。本研究对治疗抑郁症的中草药提取物活性成分进行阐述,进一步阐明中草药提取物皂苷、黄酮、生物碱、挥发油、多糖等有效成分的抗抑郁机制和作用途径,见图1。在未来的研究中,研究人员可以结合天然产物药用特性,寻找更合适的治疗抑郁症的药物,为开发疗效好、作用快、不良反应小的抗抑郁药物提供科学依据。

1 皂苷类提取物的抗抑郁作用

皂苷是一类由亲水性糖基和亲脂性皂苷苷元结构组成的天然次生代谢产物17。根据结构差异,又可分为甾体皂苷和三萜皂苷。许多从传统中药中提取的皂苷类化合物已被报道在动物实验中发挥抗抑郁作用18-19。柴胡皂苷A(saikosaponin A, SSA)是柴胡总皂苷的单体,是一种三萜皂苷。近年来,研究证明,SSA具有治疗抑郁的作用20。SSA通过调节围绝经期大鼠海马神经内分泌、神经炎症和神经营养系统来缓解抑郁样症状21。SSA通过上调慢性不可预测轻度应激(chronic unpredictable mild stress, CUMS)诱导抑郁大鼠海马中富脯氨酸跨膜蛋白2水平和DA含量发挥抗抑郁作用22。人参被誉为“中草药之王”,人参皂苷Rg1是人参中重要的活性成分之一,其通过调节糖皮质激素受体表达、氨基酸和BDNF水平发挥显著的抗抑郁活性,调节内侧前额皮质和海马单胺失衡23-25。人参皂苷Rb1通过下调丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路(mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway,MAPK)抑制核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NF-κB)转录活性,减少促炎因子的释放,调节BDNF/酪氨酸激酶受体B(tropomyosin receptor kinase B, TrkB)信号通路和蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B, Akt)通路,促进细胞核内正常糖皮质激素受体表达,进一步降低HPA轴过度活跃26-28。人参皂苷Rg1通过生长停滞特异性转录本5/zeste基因增强子同源物2/细胞因子信号转导抑制因子3/核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2)轴降低小胶质细胞活化和线粒体功能障碍从而减轻抑郁样行为29。研究表明,三七中的主要活性成分是三七总皂苷30,三七总皂苷可能是通过提高脑内单胺神经递质5-HT、NA和DA水平实现抗抑郁作用31。三七皂苷R1通过激活Akt/Nrf2信号通路和抑制NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)炎症小体的激活,在db/db小鼠中表现出神经保护作用和改善抑郁样行为32。Zhan Q等33研究发现,三七皂苷R1主要通过调控磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PI3K)/Akt/NF-κB通路,改善CUMS小鼠模型的抑郁行为症状。积雪草苷能调节脑内不同区域NA、5-HT等单胺类神经递质及其受体,通过调节环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP)/蛋白激酶A(protein kinase A, PKA)信号通路,激活海马中的BDNF信号发挥其抗抑郁作用34-35。蒺藜总皂苷通过增加血液中5-HT、γ-氨基丁酸等单胺类神经递质含量,并调节海马中特定基因的表达发挥抗抑郁作用36

2 黄酮类提取物的抗抑郁作用

黄酮类化合物是一种低相对分子质量的酚类化合物,广泛存在于植物中。迄今为止,已鉴定的类黄酮有5 000多种,具有广泛的生物活性37。植物中提取的黄酮成分可作用于多个分子靶点,并通过影响多种神经传递或途径表现出抗抑郁作用;抑制单胺氧化酶和原肌球蛋白受体激酶B;促进神经生长和BDNF水平增加,从而改善抑郁38。水飞蓟宾是水飞蓟素的主要活性成分,是一种天然多酚类黄酮,通过提高前额叶皮质和海马中BDNF、5-HT和NE的水平,对CUMS诱导的情绪障碍具有保护作用39。葛根素是从豆科植物野葛的干燥根中提取的一种天然黄酮成分。Liu Y等40研究发现,葛根素通过胰高血糖素样肽-1受体/BDNF/TrkB信号改善海马神经可塑性,能有效缓解因高脂肪饮食诱导的糖尿病小鼠的抑郁行为。Zhao J等41研究发现,葛根素可能通过激活细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK)、cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(cAMP response element-binding protein, CREB)和BDNF通路来改善神经损伤诱导的小鼠抑郁和疼痛。葛根素通过a-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异恶唑丙酸受体诱导的哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR)信号通路产生抗抑郁样反应,并伴随BDNF释放增加42。同时其他研究也表明葛根素通过上调成纤维细胞生长因子2表达或通过雌激素和BDNF信号通路减轻抑郁样行为43-44。淫羊藿苷是从淫羊藿中提取的一种黄酮苷类化合物。Liu B等45使用CUMS诱导的啮齿动物抑郁模型研究发现,淫羊藿苷可以通过作用于前额叶皮层和海马体的不同靶点来减少海马神经炎症,抑制诱导型一氧化氮合酶活性发挥抗抑郁作用。Gong M J等46利用皮质酮诱导的抑郁模型发现,淫羊藿苷通过增加BDNF水平以及调节代谢功能障碍和相关途径发挥抗抑郁作用。Jin H等47研究发现,淫羊藿苷能改善抑郁合并哮喘模型中的糖皮质激素抵抗,抑制糖皮质激素受体S226位点磷酸化及p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶的活性。由慢性社会挫败应激(chronic social defeat stress, CSDS)诱导的抑郁症小鼠模型口服25、50 mg·kg-1的淫羊藿苷后,逆转了小鼠社会交往持续时间的减少,并减弱了小鼠血清糖皮质激素受体的下调和皮质酮水平的增加48。黄芩素是黄芩提取物中的一种黄酮类化合物,其通过逆转ERK磷酸化水平和预防海马内BDNF和DA水平的下降发挥抗抑郁作用49。金丝桃苷通过恢复神经元型一氧化氮合成酶表达、促进一氧化氮产生并同时增强卵巢切除小鼠的BDNF-TrkB信号传导以及改变小鼠肠道菌群的变化来发挥抗抑郁作用50-51。此外,藏红花、甘草、姜黄、罗布麻、合欢、枳壳等黄酮类有效成分均有缓解抑郁的作用52-57

3 生物碱类提取物的抗抑郁作用

生物碱是一类广泛存在的含氮有机化合物,对人类和其他动物具有多种重要的药理作用。凭借其显著的生物活性,天然产物中的生物碱通常被认为是候选药物的理想来源58。小檗碱是一种天然异喹啉生物碱,姜黄、黄连、黄柏等药材中都含有小檗碱成分。小檗碱在体内外均能减轻炎症状态,减少细胞凋亡并通过PI3K/AKT/CREB/BDNF信号通路在体内和体外发挥抗抑郁作用59。青藤碱是一种从防己科落叶缠绕藤本植物青藤中分离出来的吗啡型异喹啉类生物碱。研究表明,青藤碱通过激活脑内BDNF信号级联且抑制MAPK/NF-κB通路,恢复抑郁小鼠海马5-HT的合成60-61。东莨菪碱是从茄科植物东莨菪中分离出来的一种托烷生物碱,可穿过脑血屏障进入中枢神经系统,抑制M1型胆碱能受体。研究表明,东莨菪碱的抗抑郁作用可能与大鼠脑脊液和海马中的NA浓度显著增加以及去甲肾上交感神经系统的激活有关62-64。吴茱萸碱主要是从芸香科植物吴茱萸中提取得来,其潜在机制可能与其对海马单胺递质和BDNF-TrkB信号转导的调节作用有关65。胡椒碱是一种富含于胡椒中的肉桂酰胺生物碱,通过调节神经干细胞的增殖、迁移和分化,抑制单胺氧化酶活性,增加小鼠脑内单胺类神经递质的水平发挥抗抑郁活性66-67。苦豆子总生物碱通过BDNF介导的Akt/mTOR信号通路改善小鼠的抑郁样行为68

4 挥发油类提取物的抗抑郁作用

挥发油又称精油,是一种挥发油与水不混溶的物质,多数具有芳香气味。天然药物精油富含活性成分,表现出良好的药理活性。Li Y等69研究发现,香附和紫苏挥发油联合使用通过调节苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成、酪氨酸代谢和色氨酸代谢等途径,恢复血清素能和色氨酸代谢途径,从而预防卵巢切除大鼠的抑郁样行为。通过吸入沉香和木香挥发油,发现其通过抑制过度活跃的HPA轴和调节海马单胺神经递质水平,对CUMS大鼠具有抗抑郁作用70。苍艾挥发油由艾叶、苍术、佩兰、丁香花蕾、花椒果皮、广藿香、白豆蔻等7味药材中的挥发油成分组成。研究表明,其可以影响DA和5-HT的中枢代谢,抑制小胶质细胞的活化和下调吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶的表达,从而改善抑郁样行为71-72。藏红花是番红花的干燥柱头,用作香料已有2 500多年的历史。研究发现,藏红花挥发油通过MAPK-CREB1-BDNF信号通路改善CUMS诱导的小鼠抑郁样行为73。石菖蒲挥发油的主要活性成分α-细辛醚、β-细辛醚也具有显著的抗抑郁作用,通过双向调节血清素转运蛋白活性发挥抗抑郁作用74。研究发现,由人参、石菖蒲和合欢花挥发油等比例配制成的“长参花”挥发油可通过调节脑cAMP-PKA-CREB通路改善大鼠抑郁样行为75

5 多糖类提取物的抗抑郁作用

多糖是由单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的具有生物活性的大分子,由多羟基聚合物及其衍生物组成。天然多糖具有多组分、多途径和多靶点的作用,在预防抑郁症及其并发症方面具有独特的优势,而且不良反应很小。天然植物多糖具有调节大脑神经递质的能力,能显著提高5-HT、DA、NE水平,减轻海马神经元损伤,调节大脑兴奋性突触传递,调节BDNF的表达,降低炎症因子水平,从而发挥抗抑郁作用。研究表明,刺五加多糖可降低促炎因子的水平,同时增加p-PI3K、p-Akt和p-mTOR蛋白的表达。其改善大鼠抑郁行为的机制与调节PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路以及抗炎和抗氧化应激作用有关76。黄芪多糖干预后可以修复海马损伤,激活Nrf2-抗氧化反应元件通路(antioxidant response element,ARE),增强Nrf2的激活及其向细胞核的易位,进而改善CUMS大鼠的氧化应激状态77。黄精多糖通过增加5‑HT水平、改善海马突触和细胞损伤、减轻炎症反应、降低ROS反应以及缓解HPA轴功能亢进,从而预防CUMS小鼠的抑郁样行为78。Liu P等79研究表明,金银花多糖可能通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体介导的免疫炎症反应,发挥抗抑郁作用。Li H等80研究发现,灵芝多糖通过降低炎症因子的表达,增加BDNF的含量,抑制小胶质细胞的活化和星形胶质细胞的增殖,调节树突状细胞相关C型凝集素1受体,对CSDS小鼠发挥抗抑郁作用。茯苓在中国民间用作传统药物已有2 000多年的历史。研究发现,茯苓水溶性多糖通过增加下丘脑中5-HT、DA、NE和γ-氨基丁酸的水平,调节胃肠肽水平,并纠正肠道菌群失调与代谢紊乱,同时调控肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α)/NF-κB信号通路,从而改善CSDS诱导的大鼠焦虑样行为81。ZHANG Q P等82通过去排卵和慢性轻度应激建立了小鼠围绝经期抑郁模型,研究了铁皮石斛多糖(dendrobium officinale polysaccharide, DOP)的作用。结果表明,DOP可调节肠道菌群组成。卵巢切除术加慢性轻度应激可增强促炎细胞因子释放和前额皮质小胶质细胞激活,而DOP治疗可显著逆转神经炎症,降低血清促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素、促肾上腺皮质激素和皮质酮的水平,恢复HPA轴,进而改善围绝经期小鼠的抑郁样行为。此外,研究表明,枸杞、当归、巴戟天、菟丝子、玉竹、大枣、天麻、肉苁蓉、人参等含有的多糖成分均具有缓解抑郁症的作用。

6 总结与展望

本文综述了抑郁症治疗的最新研究进展,为寻找天然抗抑郁药提供参考。其中BDNF-TrkB、MAPK、cAMP和PI3K/Akt/mTOR、Nrf2-ARE、TNF-α/NF-κB等信号通路相互作用形成了一个复杂的调控网络,调控抑郁症发展过程。目前,许多用于治疗抑郁症的有效成分来自中草药提取物,包括皂苷、黄酮、生物碱、挥发油和多糖等。然而,大多数关于中草药提取物治疗抑郁症潜力的研究仅限于动物和细胞模型,可能无法完全反映其对人类的实际效果。由于中草药有效成分治疗抑郁症的研究缺乏深度以及临床试验研究,阻碍了其在临床的广泛应用,也限制了其在医学领域的应用。未来的研究应该更深入地研究中草药提取物有效成分改善抑郁症的机制,并探索尚未发现的机制,将研究侧重于中草药提取物的临床应用,解决组织分布和靶点特异性等知识空白,同时收集更多的临床证据。

综上所述,中草药由于其独特的优势,为研究抑郁症的机制提供了潜力,并在开发具有不良反应小且高效的抗抑郁药物方面具有巨大的应用前景。

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基金资助

新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金项目(青年科学基金)(2023D01C238)

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