深大塌陷坑型高陡岩质边坡崩塌演化规律模型试验研究

Model experimental study on the collapse evolution mechanisms of high-steep rock slopes with large-scale deep collapse pits

摘要

地下矿体开采扰动作用下，深大塌陷坑型高陡岩质边坡易诱发崩塌地质灾害。以典型深大塌陷坑型高陡岩质边坡崩塌灾害为研究对象，基于地质原型构建了1∶200相似比的物理模型试验系统，通过分步开挖模拟了地下矿体开采过程。采用压力传感器、位移传感器与高速摄像实时获取坡体应力演化特征、位移动态响应及裂隙网络扩展规律，揭示了深大塌陷坑型高陡岩质边坡在开采扰动下的灾变演化机制。结果表明，坡体强度参数对采动应力场分布特征呈现显著调控效应，表现为强度等级与最大主应力值呈正相关。竖直方向主应力始终主导应力状态，坡体不同位置应力演化呈现显著差异性，中上部监测点水平向应力经历“压应力衰减-拉应力递增-应力突降”三阶段演化，而竖直向则呈现“压应力积累-快速卸荷”双阶段特征；中下部区域主应力演化呈现“加载-卸荷”模式；位移监测曲线显示高陡岩质边坡具有典型的三阶段演化特征，即坡体变形孕育阶段、坡体变形发展阶段与坡体变形稳定阶段；裂隙网络发展呈现五阶段动态演化，即裂隙孕育阶段、裂隙一次发展阶段、裂隙再次孕育阶段、裂隙二次发展阶段与裂隙趋于平稳阶段。研究成果可为该类型的塌陷坑型高陡岩质边坡崩塌灾害治理设计与防控提供参考。

Abstract

Under the influence of mining-induced disturbances in underground ore bodies, deep-large collapse pit type high-steep rock slopes are prone to major collapse geological disasters. This paper focuses on typical collapse disasters of such slopes, establishing physical model test system with a similarity ratio of 1∶200 based on geological prototypes. The underground mining process was simulated through step-by-step excavations. Pressure sensors, displacement sensors, and high-speed cameras were employed to obtain real-time data on stress field evolution characteristics, displacement field dynamic responses, and fracture network propagation patterns systematically, revealing the disaster evolution mechanism of deep-large collapse pit type of high-steep rock slopes under mining disturbances. The results show that slope strength parameters significantly regulate stress field distribution, showing positive correlation between strength grade and the maximum principal stress. Vertical principal stress dominates the stress state, and the stress evolution at different locations on the slope exhibits significant differences. At the upper and middle monitoring points, the horizontal stress undergoes a three-stage evolution including compressive stress attenuation, tensile stress increase, and a sudden stress drop. Vertically, however, it exhibits a two-stage characteristics of compressive stress accumulation and rapid unloading. In the lower and middle regions, the principal stress evolution follows a loading and unloading pattern. Displacement monitoring curves show that steep rock slopes exhibit typical three-stage evolution characteristics which are deformation incubation, deformation development, and deformation stabilization. The fracture network development shows a five-stage dynamic evolution which includes crack incubation, primary development, secondary incubation, secondary development, and stabilization. The research findings can provide a reference for the design and prevention of collapse disasters on this type of sinkhole-type steep rock slope.

关键词

采矿工程 / 地质灾害 / 地表塌陷 / 演化机理 / 模型试验

Key words

mining engineering / geological disaster / surface collapse / evolution mechanism / physical model test

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(U20A20314)

湖南省自然科学基金项目(2024JJ6110)

湖南省自然科学基金项目(2024JJ8049)

湖南省教育厅优秀青年项目(25B0685)

益阳市科技创新计划项目(2024YR02)