喷管喉部直径对无后坐力枪内弹道影响分析

Analysis of Effect of Nozzle Throat Diameter on Interior Ballistics of Recoilless Gun

摘要

为了提高无后坐力发射过程中的动态稳定性,研究在感应点火、爆燃、高膛压情况下拉瓦尔喷管推力动态变化情况。建立了强装药条件下无后坐力发射内弹道过程膛内压力数值计算模型,通过数值模拟分析不同结构参数对拉瓦尔喷管推力的影响,得到拉瓦尔喷管喉部直径变化时的推力变化规律;搭建了无后坐力发射试验系统,研究了发射过程中尾喷流场及推力变化情况。结果表明:在喷射火药燃气与火药颗粒的流固耦合作用下,拉瓦尔喷管能够在4 ms左右提供24 N·s以上的冲量;拉瓦尔喷管在弹药点火后尾部破膜后,向后喷射气体时开始提供推力,然后由于弹膛呈现开膛状态,火药尚未大量燃烧,释放火药气体较少,膛内压力较低且有下降趋势;在弹膛内火药开始大量燃烧后,生成大量火药燃气,膛内压力迅速上升并升高至最高膛压,此时大量气体从拉瓦尔喷管中喷出,拉瓦尔喷管的推力迅速上升;随着火药燃烧完毕,膛内压力下降,拉瓦尔喷管内的压力逐渐降低直至火药完全燃烧。研究表明,拉瓦尔喷管在发射药爆燃、高膛内压力下具有较高的推力特性,能够提供高瞬时冲量,满足小口径无后坐力发射要求。

Abstract

To enhance the dynamic stability during recoilless firing, the study investigates the thrust dynamics of Laval nozzle under conditions of induced ignition, deflagration and high chamber pressure. A numerical calculation model for internal ballistics of recoilless firing under heavy loading conditions was established. Through numerical simulations, the influence of structural parameters on Laval nozzle thrust was analyzed, revealing the thrust variation patterns with throat diameter. An experimental recoilless firing system was constructed to study the exhaust flow field and thrust changes during the firing process. The results indicate that under the fluid-structure coupling effect of pyropropellant gas and solid particles, the Laval nozzle can provide an impulse of over 24 N·s within approximately 4 ms. The Laval nozzle thrust begins to act when the tail membrane ruptures the nozzle during firing, allowing gas to be expelled rearward. Subsequently, as the chamber remains open and the propellant has not yet burned extensively, the released pyropropellant gas is limited, resulting in a downward trend in chamber pressure. When the propellant inside the chamber begins to burn vigorously, large amounts of pyropropellant gas are generated, causing the chamber pressure to rise rapidly and reach the maximum. At this point, significant gas is expelled from the Laval nozzle, leading to a rapid increase in thrust. As the propellant burns completely, the chamber pressure decreases, and the Laval nozzle pressure gradually declines until the propellant is fully consumed. The Laval nozzle exhibits high thrust characteristics under pyropropellant deflagration and elevated chamber pressure conditions, capable of delivering substantial instantaneous impulse.

关键词

内弹道 / 拉瓦尔喷管 / 推力变化 / 无后坐力发射

Key words

interior ballistics / Laval nozzle / thrust variation / recoilless launch

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