高速入水可压缩流-固耦合建模及材料响应机制

Compressible Fluid-structure Coupling Modeling and Material Response Mechanisms in High-speed Water Entry

摘要

弹体高速入水过程涉及强瞬态冲击、相变空化与流固耦合效应,对海军装备安全与水下探测能力具有重要影响。针对传统理论在弹体高速入水过程中载荷刻画及流体-材料耦合机制表征方面的不足,本文聚焦流体可压缩性与材料属性对冲击载荷的协同作用,研究了弹体高速垂直撞击自由液面的入水过程。采用实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,建立了多相流-结构耦合动力学模型;通过VOF方法追踪液面演变,并耦合可压缩流体控制方程,描述相变空化效应。针对非线性材料本构模型与动力问题,实现刚性体、超弹性体及泡沫铝材质弹体的高速入水冲击仿真,并结合实验验证了模型的有效性。结果表明,所建模型可成功捕捉流固耦合作用与压缩波传播特征;忽略流体可压缩性将显著低估流动阻力,且无法反映空泡溃灭的耗能机制,进而高估弹体位移与速度。材料属性对冲击响应具有调控作用,刚性体在高刚度约束下集中传递能量,诱发高压冲击波;超弹性体与泡沫铝则凭借大变形吸能机制有效耗散动能,显著降低应力波传播速度并形成弥散低压波,进而降低结构破坏风险。本研究明确了利用材料变形能力与可压缩效应调控冲击载荷的机理,为提升水下高速冲击防护设计提供了理论支撑。

Abstract

The high-speed water entry of projectiles involves severe transient impact,phase-change cavitation and fluid-structure interaction,which directly affect the safety of naval equipment and the performance of underwater detection. To address the limitations of conventional theories in characterizing impact loads and fluid-material interaction mechanisms during high-speed water entry process,this study focuses on the conjoined influence of fluid compressibility and material properties on impact loads,and conducts numerical simulations of high-speed vertical water entry. A combined experimental and numerical approach is adopted to establish a multiphase fluid-structure framework,in which a compressible-flow solver coupled with a VOF surface-tracking routine captures cavitation inception and collapse. Simulations of high-speed water entry are performed for projectiles made of rigid body,hyper-elastic elastomer,and aluminum foam considering nonlinear material constitutive models and dynamic problems. The validity of the proposed model is verified through experiments. The results show that the established model successfully captures the fluid-structure interaction and compression wave propagation characteristics. Neglecting fluid compressibility will significantly underestimate flow resistance and overlooks the energy dissipation mechanism of cavity collapse,leading to an overestimation of projectile displacement and velocity by the incompressible model. Furthermore,the regulatory effect of material properties on impact responses is revealed. The stiff steel concentrates impulse into intense shock fronts,whereas the elastomer and the foam absorb kinetic energy through large-deformation and progressive pore collapse,reducing wave speed and generating dispersed low-pressure fronts that mitigate structural damage. This study clarifies the mechanism of impact regulation utilizing material deformability and compressibility effects,providing theoretical support for the design of underwater high-speed impact protection systems.

关键词

跨介质航行器 / 空泡 / 高速入水 / 可压缩性 / 流固耦合效应

Key words

trans-media vehicle / cavity / high-speed water entry / compressibility / fluid-structure interaction

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(12402283)

河北省自然科学基金项目(A2024202012)

大连理工大学工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室开放课题(GZ24126)

北华航天工业学院研究生创新资助项目(YKY-2024-72)