超空泡航行体机动出水特性研究

Study on Maneuvering Water-exit Characteristics of Supercavitating Vehicles

摘要

高速航行体在水中大过载机动并快速抬头出水时,空泡剧烈演化与载荷突变易严重影响弹道稳定性,而目前对空化盘参数影响机动出水过程的作用机理缺乏充分认识。本文基于有限体积法,结合SST k-ω湍流模型、VOF多相流模型与重叠网格技术,建立了航行体出水过程中的流场-运动耦合求解方法,系统分析了空化盘直径与转速对空泡演化、载荷特性及弹道稳定性的影响。结果表明,在空化盘作用下,航行体机动抬头运动会诱导超空泡发生不对称弯折并演化为“半月牙”结构,其下表面沾湿呈现“爬升-回流-再爬升”的典型时序特征,与空化盘共同调控航行体的姿态稳定性;增大空化盘直径可有效调控受力与空泡尺度,缩短出水时间,但轴向力、法向力及力矩系数基本不变;提高空化盘转速可提前尾拍和出水,增强机动能力,但高转速易诱发局部空泡,进而加剧水动力系数的振荡;增大空化盘直径与转速均有助于提升航行体机动出水效率。研究结果为机动空化盘的结构优化、控制策略设计及高速跨介质航行体的工程应用提供了重要理论参考与技术支撑。

Abstract

When a high-speed vehicle undergoes large-overload maneuvering underwater and rapidly pitches up to exit the water,the violent evolution of cavity and abrupt load variations significantly affect ballistic stability. However,the underlying mechanisms by which cavitator parameters influence the maneuvering water-exit process remain insufficiently understood. In this study,a coupled solution method for the multiphase flow field and the multi-degree-of-freedom motion of the vehicle during water exit was established based on the finite volume method in conjunction with the SST k-ω turbulence model,VOF multiphase flow model,and overset grid technology. The effects of cavitator diameter and rotational speed on cavity evolution,hydrodynamic loads characteristics,and ballistic stability were systematically investigated. The results indicate that the pitch-up maneuver induced by the rotating cavitator leads to pronounced asymmetric bending of the supercavity,which gradually evolves into a crescent-shaped structure. Meanwhile,the wetted region on the lower surface exhibits a typical “climb-reflow-reclimb” sequence,jointly influencing the stability of the vehicle with the cavitator. Increasing the cavitator diameter effectively regulates the force distribution and cavity scale and shortens the water-exit time,while the axial force,normal force,and torque coefficients of the vehicle remain generally consistent. Increasing the rotational speed of cavitator advances the onset of tail slamming and water exit,and enhances maneuverability. However,high rotational speeds induce local cavitation,thereby intensifying oscillations of the force coefficient. Increasing both the cavitator diameter and rotational speed improves the efficiency of maneuvering exit. These findings provide valuable guidance for the structural optimization and control strategy design of maneuvering cavitators and for the engineering application of high-speed trans-media vehicles.

关键词

空化盘 / 超空泡航行体 / 机动出水 / 数值计算 / 空化

Key words

cavitator / supercavitating vehicle / maneuvering water-exit / numerical calculation / cavitation

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(52471280)