入水空泡振荡对弹体载荷与弹道特性的影响研究

Effects of Water Entry Cavitation Oscillation on Projectile Loads and Ballistic Characteristics

摘要

为探究高速跨介质弹体入水过程中滑水运动特征引起的空泡振荡现象及其对水动力载荷与弹道特性的影响,本文通过流体体积多相流模型和动网格技术,建立了跨介质模型高速入水数值计算方法,并通过入水试验验证了该方法的有效性。在此基础上,对入水空泡的生成、发展及溃灭等演化阶段开展数值模拟研究,揭示了空泡壁面波动的形成机理,分析了振荡载荷对水动力特性及弹道稳定的影响。结果表明:空泡壁面波动现象发生在入水空泡“深闭合”阶段,弹体圆柱段附近的空泡壁面呈“波纹状”特征,且振荡传递被滞止于锥-柱结合位置;空泡振荡阶段对弹体水动力特性影响显著,水动力系数具有剧烈的脉动特性,但脉动载荷对模型的总作用力增幅不超过10%,该载荷的特征频率集中在2 000 Hz以下;入水初期形成的稳定弹道特征能够有效抵抗空泡振荡引起的复杂力学环境,使得实际入水弹道与理想弹道具有很好的一致性。本研究可为深入理解入水空泡振荡机制、优化跨介质弹体水动力设计及提升弹道稳定性提供理论参考。

Abstract

To investigate the cavitation oscillation phenomenon caused by the water-skimming motion of high-speed projectiles during water entry and its impact on hydrodynamic loads and ballistic characteristics,a numerical calculation method for high-speed water entry of trans-media vehicles using a fluid volume multiphase flow model and dynamic grid technology was established in this paper. The effectiveness of this method was verified through water entry experiments. Based on this,numerical simulation were conducted on the evolution stages of water entry cavitation,including generation,development,and collapse. The formation mechanism of cavitation wall fluctuations and the impact of oscillatory loads on hydrodynamic characteristics and ballistic stability were systematically analyzed. The results show that cavitation wall fluctuations occur during the “deep closure” stage of water entry cavitation,with the cavitation wall near the cylindrical section of the projectile exhibiting a “corrugated” feature,and the oscillation transmission stagnates at the cone-cylinder junction. The cavitation oscillation stage significantly affects the hydrodynamic characteristics of the projectile,with hydrodynamic coefficients exhibiting severe pulsation characteristics. However,the total force increase due to the pulsating load on the model does not exceed 10%,and the characteristic frequency of this load is concentrated below 2 000 Hz. The stable ballistic characteristics formed at the initial stage of water entry can effectively resist the complex mechanical environment caused by cavitation oscillation,ensuring good consistency between the actual water entry trajectory and the ideal trajectory. This study provides theoretical references for a deeper understanding of the cavitation oscillation mechanism during water entry,optimizing the hydrodynamic design of cross-media projectiles,and improving ballistic stability.

关键词

高速入水 / 空泡 / 空泡溃灭 / 空泡振荡 / 水动力特性 / 水弹道特性

Key words

high-speed water entry / cavitation / cavitation bubble collapse / cavity bubble oscillation / hydrodynamic characteristics / hydroballistic characteristics

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基金资助

陕西省自然科学基础研究计划资助项目(2024JC-YBQN-0441)