水下涡轮机动力系统大深度启动特性及控制策略研究

Starting Characteristics and Control Strategies of Underwater Turbine Power Systems at Great Depths

摘要

开式循环水下涡轮机因具有功率潜力大、振动噪声小、大功率工况下效率高等优点,是高速水下航行器的优选动力方案。然而,该类发动机对工况变化(尤其背压变化)极为敏感,导致其在大深度下存在启动困难的技术瓶颈。针对该问题,本文建立了基于CFD的水下涡轮机动力系统启动过程在环仿真模型,系统研究了不同深度下的启动特性,揭示了大深度瞬态工况下系统参数演变规律与启动失败的机理,并探究了同时调节燃料泵排量和工作喷管数目的双变量控制策略对系统大深度启动特性的影响。结果表明:与设计工况相比,大深度启动时工质可用等熵焓降显著减小。在600 m水深下,药柱燃尽时涡轮机转速降幅达77.6%,推进剂供应不足,系统易因燃气生成量骤降而启动失败。减少工作喷管数目可使启动初期工质流量降低42.2%,有效提高燃烧室压力上升速率,但同时会降低系统流通面积,且部分进气度变化引起效率波动,最终限制了涡轮机的稳态输出转矩。通过动态调节工作喷管数目,可进一步改善系统的大深度启动特性,使系统稳态输出转矩提高126.4%。本文研究结果可为涡轮机动力系统大深度启动控制策略优化及工程应用提供参考。

Abstract

The open-cycle underwater turbine power system offers advantages such as high power potential,low vibration and noise,and high efficiency during high-power operation conditions. Therefore,it is a preferred propulsion solution for high-speed underwater vehicles. However,this type of engine is extremely sensitive to variations in operating conditions,particularly fluctuations in backpressure,resulting in technical challenges such as difficulty of deep-depth startup. To address this issue,a CFD-based simulation model was established for the startup process of the underwater turbine power system in this paper. The startup characteristics at various depths were investigated. The evolution patterns of system parameters and the failure mechanisms during deep-depth transient startup were revealed. In addition,a bi-variable control strategy,simultaneously regulating fuel pump displacement and the number of active nozzles was explored. Its effect on the deep-depth startup characteristics was analyzed. The results show that,compared with the design condition,the available isentropic enthalpy drop of the working gas decreases significantly during deep-depth startup. At a water depth of 600 m,the turbine speed drops by 77.6% when grain burns out. The propellant supply is insufficient,making the system prone to startup failure induced by a sudden decrease in gas generation. Reducing the number of active nozzles lowers the working fluid mass flow rate by 42.2% during the early startup,which effectively accelerates the pressure rise rate in the combustion chamber. However,it also reduces the system flow area,and together with efficiency fluctuations caused by variations in partial admission,ultimately limits the steady state output torque of the turbine. By dynamically adjusting the number of active nozzles,the deep-depth startup characteristics are further improved,resulting in a 126.4% increase in steady-state output torque. The findings of this study provide a valuable reference for the optimization of the deep-depth startup control strategy and the engineering application of turbine power systems.

关键词

开式循环 / 水下涡轮机 / 大深度启动 / 燃料泵排量 / 喷管数目

Key words

open-cycle / underwater turbine power system / startup process at great depth / fuel pump displacement / number of nozzle

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金面上项目(52571370)