碎石及狗牙根覆盖对坡面波浪侵蚀影响研究
肖海 , 陈珠宝 , 夏振尧 , 朱庆文 , 刘德玉 , 向瑞 , 张伦
草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (01) : 55 -65.
碎石及狗牙根覆盖对坡面波浪侵蚀影响研究
Wave dissipation and erosion reduction under the combined effect of gravel and Cynodon dactylon cover
波浪侵蚀是三峡库区消落带的主要侵蚀类型,植被、碎石均可有效的控制波浪侵蚀,但是碎石-植被协同作用下对波浪侵蚀的影响尚不清楚。本研究通过设置3种狗牙根覆盖度和9种碎石条件,以裸坡为对照,利用波浪冲刷试验分析不同条件下波压力和波浪侵蚀率,揭示碎石单一因素、植被单一因素和碎石-植被协同作用下对波浪侵蚀的影响。研究结果表明:碎石覆盖单一因素可有效消能26.49%~86.52%、减蚀8.70%~73.91%,波压力、侵蚀率随碎石粒径减小、覆盖厚度增加而减小。植被覆盖单一因素可有效消能4.10%~46.36%、减蚀19.56%~77.17%,波压力、侵蚀率随覆盖度增加而减小。碎石-植被协同措施消能减蚀效果优于单一措施,碎石-植被协同作用可有效消能28.95%~94.74%、减蚀28.20%~80.43%,协同措施下波压力、侵蚀率随碎石粒径的增大而增加却随碎石覆盖厚度、狗牙根覆盖度的增大而减小,在碎石粒径5~10 mm、碎石覆盖厚度60 mm、狗牙根覆盖度60%~70%时效果最好。多因素方差分析表明协同措施中波压力、侵蚀率的减少是碎石覆盖和植被覆盖的综合作用结果,其中对波压力的影响程度为碎石覆盖厚度>碎石粒径>植被覆盖度,而对波浪侵蚀率的影响程度为植被覆盖度>碎石层厚度>碎石粒径。本研究表明碎石-植被协同措施能有效达到消能减蚀的作用,可以作为岸坡土体波浪侵蚀控制的可持续性生态友好型的治理技术。该研究结果可以为消落带生态治理与生态重建实践提供指导和借鉴。
Wave erosion is one of the main ecological and environmental problems in the water-level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. As single factors, the presence of plants and gravel can effectively control wave erosion. However, it is unknown how the combination of these control measures affects wave erosion. Therefore, wave experiments were conducted under three levels of Cynodon dactylon cover (20%-30%, 40%-50%, 60%-70%) and nine different gravel conditions (three thicknesses of gravel cover, 20, 40 and 60 mm; and three gravel particle sizes, 5-10, 10-15, and 15-20 mm). The bare slope without gravel and plant cover served as the control check (CK). The effects of plant cover and gravel as single and combined factors on wave erosion were explored by measuring the wave pressure and wave erosion rate in each treatment. The results indicated that gravel decreased the wave pressure by 26.49%-86.52% and the wave erosion rate by 8.70%-73.91%, compared with values for the CK. The wave pressure and wave erosion rate decreased as the gravel particle size decreased and as the gravel cover increased. The presence of C. dactylon decreased the wave pressure by 4.10%-46.36% and the wave erosion rate by 19.56%-77.17%, compared with values for the CK. The wave pressure and wave erosion rate decreased with increasing cover of C. dactylon. The wave pressure and wave erosion rate decreased by 28.95%-94.74% and 28.20%-80.43%, respectively, under the combined effects of gravel and C. dactylon. Also, under the combined effects, the wave pressure and wave erosion rate increased with increasing gravel particle size, and decreased with increasing gravel thickness and cover of C. dactylon. Compared with the single effect, further reductions of wave pressure and wave erosion rate under the combined effects were attributed to the synergistic effects of plant and gravel cover. The largest reductions in wave pressure and wave erosion rate were obtained with a gravel particle size of 5-10 mm, gravel cover thickness of 60 mm, and C. dactylon cover of 60%-70%. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that the combined effect of gravel and C. dactylon cover synergistically reduced the wave pressure and wave erosion rate. The factors were ranked, from highest degree of influence on wave pressure to lowest, as follows: gravel cover thickness>gravel particle size>plantcover; and from highest degree of influence on wave erosion rate to lowest, as follows: plantcover>gravel cover thickness>gravel particle size. Our results show that gravel and vegetation work synergistically to reduce wave energy and erosion, and can be used as a sustainable and ecologically friendly treatment to control wave erosion on sloping banks. These findings provide guidance and reference data for the ecological management and ecological reconstruction of the water-level fluctuation zone in water reservoirs.
gravel / Cynodon dactylon / wave pressure / wave erosion rate / water-level fluctuation zone
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国家自然科学基金项目(U21A2031)
土木工程防灾减灾湖北省引智创新示范基地(2021EJD026)
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