成坪高尔夫草坪上一年生早熟禾的化学防除研究进展

尚栋亮 ,  臧辉

草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (05) : 223 -236.

PDF (550KB)
草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (05) : 223 -236. DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024259
综合评述

成坪高尔夫草坪上一年生早熟禾的化学防除研究进展

作者信息 +

Research progress on the chemical control of annual bluegrass in established golf turf

Author information +
文章历史 +
PDF (562K)

摘要

一年生早熟禾属禾本科草本植物,已成为成坪高尔夫草坪上一种重要杂草,严重影响草坪的使用价值。目前化学除草剂和植物生长调节剂是控制一年生早熟禾的主要措施。本研究详细总结了高尔夫草坪上一年生早熟禾的发生特点、危害及最佳防治时间,对可安全用于不同草坪草上防除一年生早熟禾的化学除草剂和植物生长调节剂有效成分信息和田间应用案例进行全面梳理,指出存在的问题并提出相应对策。结果表明,芽前组合氨氟乐灵、氟草胺+氟乐灵、氟硫草定、氟硫草定+异噁酰草胺、氟草胺、二甲戊灵、氨氟乐灵+异噁酰草胺、氨氟乐灵+二氯喹啉酸、氨氟乐灵+甲磺草胺、methiozolin、地散磷+噁草酮可安全用于匍匐剪股颖、高羊茅、肯塔基早熟禾、多年生黑麦草、狗牙根和结缕草;氨氟乐灵、二甲戊灵、氨氟乐灵+异噁酰草胺、氨氟乐灵+甲磺草胺、茚嗪氟草胺、二甲酚草胺+二甲戊灵可安全应用于海滨雀稗、假俭草、野牛草和百喜草。芽后除草剂methiozolin、氨唑草酮、磺酰磺隆可安全用于匍匐剪股颖、高羊茅、肯塔基早熟禾、多年生黑麦草、细羊茅、狗牙根、结缕草和海滨雀稗;氨唑草酮和磺酰磺隆可安全用于假俭草、野牛草、圣奥古斯丁草和百喜草。同时指出目前国内一年生早熟禾的防除存在重苗后轻芽前、防治时间错误等问题,提出一年生早熟禾的防除应以芽前封闭为主,芽后早期使用植物生长调节剂和低剂量除草剂混用的施药方式,能够最大程度减少化学除草剂对草坪草的伤害。

Abstract

Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) is a herbaceous plant belonging to the Poaceae. It has become a prominent weed in established golf turf, which seriously affects the use value of turf. At present, chemical herbicides and plant growth regulators are the main methods to control annual bluegrass. In this paper, we summarize the occurrence characteristics, hazards and the optimal chemical control time of annual bluegrass. In addition, we review information about field application cases and the active ingredients of chemical herbicides and plant growth regulators that can be safely control annual bluegrass in different turfgrasses. We highlight the existing problems and propose strategies to address them. Among the preemergence herbicides, prodiamine, benefin+trifluralin, dithiopyr, dithiopyr+isoxaben, benefin, pendimethalin, prodiamine+isoxaben, prodiamine+quinclorac, prodiamine+sulfentrazone, methiozolin, and bensulide+oxadiazon can be safely applied to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica). Prodiamine, pendimethalin, prodiamine+isoxaben, prodiamine+sulfentrazone, indaziflam, and dimethenamid+pendimethalin can be safely applied to seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum), centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides), buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum). Among the postemergence herbicides, methiozolin, amicarbazone and sulfosulfuron can be safely applied to creeping bentgrass, tall fescue, kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, fine fescue (Festuca rubra), bermudagrass, zoysiagrass, and seashore paspalum. Amicarbazone and sulfosulfuron can be safely applied to centipedegrass, buffalograss, st. augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) and bahiagrass. Two current problems in China are the reliance on postemergence control and the incorrect timing of application of chemicals to control annual bluegrass. We propose that preemergence herbicides should be used to control annual bluegrass. Furthermore, we recommend applying a combination of plant growth regulators and low-dose herbicides during the early postemergence stages to decrease damage to turfgrass.

关键词

高尔夫草坪 / 杂草 / 一年生早熟禾 / 除草剂 / 植物生长调节剂 / 化学防除

Key words

golf turf / weed / annual bluegrass / herbicide / plant growth regulator / chemical control

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
尚栋亮,臧辉. 成坪高尔夫草坪上一年生早熟禾的化学防除研究进展[J]. 草业学报, 2025, 34(05): 223-236 DOI:10.11686/cyxb2024259

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

草坪是高尔夫球场的核心元素,其质量的高低决定了球场品质,而杂草的控制又是影响草坪质量的重要因素之一。近年来一年生早熟禾(Poa annua)发生日趋严重,已成为国内外高尔夫运动草坪上的重要杂草之一1-3。国内外高尔夫球场常用的草坪草有匍匐剪股颖(Agrostis palustris)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)、肯塔基早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、细羊茅(Festuca rubra)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、结缕草(Zoysia japonica)、海滨雀稗(Paspalum vaginatum)、假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides)、野牛草(Buchloe dactyloides)、地毯草(Axonopus compressus)、圣奥古斯丁草(Stenotaphrum secundatum)和百喜草(Paspalum notatum)。一年生早熟禾的化学防除分为芽前和芽后2种处理方式,常用的芽前除草剂如氨氟乐灵、二甲戊灵、氟硫草定、氨氟乐灵+异噁酰草胺对大部分草坪草具有较高的安全性,施用后会形成0.5~1.5 cm厚的药膜层来抑制杂草种子的萌发,而健康成坪草坪草的根系长度通常大于5 cm,因此草坪草根系吸收较少的药剂而具有较高的安全性。由于常用草种和一年生早熟禾均属于禾本科草本植物,依据生理和生化选择性原理,芽后防除时则需要施用选择性指数更高的药剂,通常选择草坪草吸收较少或者对其代谢解毒能力较强的药剂,使其对草坪草安全而能有效防除一年生早熟禾。一年生早熟禾具有发芽周期长、耐低修剪、易抽穗开花、种子产量高等特点,据报道低密度生长条件下一株一年生早熟禾可产生80个花序,同时在修剪高度为3 mm的果岭上可产生头穗并形成种子,从而导致土壤中种子量增加4-5。果岭上的一年生早熟禾则会降低高尔夫球的滚动速度,降低草坪的可打性6。由于其颜色为浅绿色,会在深绿色草坪如匍匐剪股颖草坪上形成浅绿斑,导致草坪的景观价值大幅下降。除此之外,其在温度适宜时能够快速生长,与草坪草争夺养分、水分、光照,严重抑制草坪草的生长7。目前一年生早熟禾的控制仍然依赖化学除草剂,除此之外,植物生长调节剂如抗倒酯、呋嘧醇、多效唑和乙烯利也被用于控制一年生早熟禾28,其能够有效抑制一年生早熟禾抽穗,减少种子基数2。目前国内未见有专业登记防除高尔夫草坪上一年生早熟禾的药剂,但草坪管理者会利用一些未登记的药剂进行防除,而这些药剂通常没有详细的使用说明,使用不当则会产生药害。因此本研究查阅国内外相关资料,对可安全用于不同草坪草上防除一年生早熟禾的化学除草剂和植物生长调节剂有效成分信息和田间应用案例进行全面梳理,指出存在的问题并提出相应对策,以期为我国草坪管理者防除一年生早熟禾提供借鉴和帮助。

1 发生特点、危害及最佳防治时间

一年生早熟禾原产于欧洲,属冬季性杂草,通常在秋冬季节萌发出苗9-11,我国区域内的一年生早熟禾有2个出苗高峰期,分别为10-12月和2-3月,有研究表明一年生早熟禾在4~32 ℃均可发芽,但随着温度的升高发芽率会下降,最适的发芽温度为20~24 ℃12,萌发的种子经过秋冬季节的生长,在次年3-6月开花结籽,然后自然死亡。一年生早熟禾成熟主要靠种子繁殖,成熟的种子落地之后休眠3~4个月,环境条件适宜时继续萌发。当暖季型草坪处于旺盛生长状态时,由于一年生早熟禾的耐热性较差,死亡后在草坪上形成枯斑,严重影响草坪景观效果,同时其还可以破坏草坪的完整性,降低球速13-14;当其处于休眠状态,一年生早熟禾则处于生长状态并会对暖季型草坪快速侵占,导致其成为优势草种,破坏草坪的统一性10。我国地域辽阔,环境因素相差较大,一年生早熟禾的出苗时间也会有所差异,通常北方出苗早于南方,芽前防除时间通常在6-9月进行,华中、华东和南方区域可在12月到次年2月进行第二次芽前处理,能够有效抑制春季萌发的种子。苗后茎叶处理的时间通常为10-12月和2-3月,在其未分蘖抽穗之前进行茎叶处理,在春季施药的基础上增加一次秋季处理,能够提高一年生早熟禾的防除效果2

2 可用化学药剂有效成分分类

按照除草剂使用时间不同将其细分为芽前、芽后和芽前兼芽后除草剂,芽前除草剂有二硝基苯胺类(氨氟乐灵、氨磺乐灵、二甲戊灵、氟草胺、氟乐灵)、吡啶类(氟硫草定)、噁二唑酮类(噁草酮)、N-苯基酞酰胺类(丙炔氟草胺)、α-氯化乙酰氨类(异丙甲草胺、二甲酚草胺)、三酮类(硝磺草酮)、二硫代磷酸酯类(地散磷)、苯酰胺类(异噁酰草胺)、三嗪类(茚嗪氟草胺)9类药剂。芽后除草剂有磺酰脲类(啶嘧磺隆、甲酰胺基磺隆、甲磺隆、砜嘧磺隆、磺酰磺隆、噻酮磺隆、氯吡嘧磺隆、三氟啶磺隆)、嘧啶水杨酸类(双草醚)、咪唑啉酮类(咪唑喹啉酸)、三唑啉酮类(氨唑草酮)、有机磷类(草甘膦)5类药剂。芽前兼芽后除草剂有苯酰胺类(戊炔草胺)、三氮苯类(莠去津、西玛津)、三嗪酮类(嗪草酮)、三唑啉酮类(甲磺草胺)、苯丙呋喃类(乙氧呋草磺)和苯甲醚类(methiozolin)6类药剂15-16。除草剂抗性行动委员会根据作用机制赋予不同除草剂不同的抗性代码(表1),便于使用者混配使用,能够延缓抗性的产生。除此之外,部分植物生长调节剂也可用于调控一年生早熟禾(表2),主要机制为抑制其抽穗开花,降低其种子产量,常用的调节剂主要有有机磷类(乙烯利)、三唑类(多效唑)、环己烷羧酸类(抗倒酯)、含氮杂环类(呋嘧醇)4类药剂。

3 不同草坪草上登记使用的芽前除草剂组合及应用防除案例

芽前除草是控制成坪高尔夫草坪上一年生早熟禾的基础措施。芽前除草原理是在种子未萌发之前将药剂均匀地施于土壤并形成0.5~1.5 cm厚的药膜层,当杂草种子萌发时触药死亡45。芽前除草剂的施用能够降低种子出苗率。通过查阅国内外资料,对可用于防除一年生早熟禾的芽前组合信息进行了详细的总结(表3),结果表明,芽前组合氨氟乐灵、氟草胺+氟乐灵、氟硫草定、氟硫草定+异噁酰草胺、氟草胺、二甲戊灵、氨氟乐灵+异噁酰草胺、氨氟乐灵+二氯喹啉酸、氨氟乐灵+甲磺草胺、methiozolin、地散磷+噁草酮可安全用于匍匐剪股颖、高羊茅、肯塔基早熟禾、多年生黑麦草、狗牙根和结缕草;氨氟乐灵、二甲戊灵、氨氟乐灵+异噁酰草胺、氨氟乐灵+甲磺草胺、茚嗪氟草胺、二甲酚草胺+二甲戊灵可安全应用在海滨雀稗、假俭草、野牛草和百喜草。除此之外,表3中的其他芽前组合均可应用于狗牙根草坪和结缕草(乙氧呋草磺和嗪草酮不能用于结缕草)。修剪高度大于1.27 cm的匍匐剪股颖才可使用芽前除草剂,否则会对其造成伤害17。芽前除草剂施用方式为土壤喷雾,施用之后需要及时浇水,使药剂渗入土壤起作用。

成坪高尔夫草坪上一年生早熟禾的芽前化学防除技术相对成熟,Carroll等10的研究表明芽前施用二甲戊乐灵(2.24 kg·hm-2)+二甲酚草胺(1.68 kg·hm-2)能够有效控制狗牙根草坪上的一年生早熟禾,施用23周以后的防除效果为88%~100%,且混用的防除效果优于戊炔草胺、西玛津、二甲戊灵和二甲酚草胺单独使用。Brosnan等47的研究表明茚嗪氟草胺(0.03~0.06 kg·hm-2)对狗牙根草坪上一年生早熟禾防除效果为67%~100%。Reicher等48利用硝磺草酮+氨氟乐灵或乙氧呋草磺+氨氟乐灵组合对肯塔基早熟禾草坪中一年生早熟禾取得较好的芽前防除效果。Askew等49的研究表明methiozolin、苄磺隆、地散磷、地散磷+噁草酮芽前组合对匍匐剪股颖安全,其中methiozolin(0.50~0.75 kg·hm-2)和苄磺隆(8.60 kg·hm-2)的芽前防除效果优于地散磷(9.00 kg·hm-2)和地散磷(8.60 kg·hm-2)+噁草酮(2.15 kg·hm-2)组合,且methiozolin并不能快速控制一年生早熟禾,但其可以有效抑制85%以上的植株抽穗。Yu等50通过研究根茎建植的早熟禾草坪上一年生早熟禾的芽前控制方案,表明乙氧呋草磺(0.84 kg·hm-2)或噁草酮(1.12或2.24 kg·hm-2)对一年生早熟禾的防除效果达67%~75%。

4 不同草坪草上登记使用的芽后除草剂组合及应用案例

芽前除草剂虽然能够有效降低种子出苗基数,但受药效和人为活动的影响,仍有部分种子发芽出苗。此时需要施用芽后除草剂和植物生长调节剂防除一年生早熟禾,苗后除草的原则遵循“除早除小”,尽量在其分蘖抽穗之前防除。对不同草坪草上可用的芽后药剂组合信息进行梳理(表4),结果表明methiozolin、氨唑草酮、磺酰磺隆可安全用于匍匐剪股颖、高羊茅、肯塔基早熟禾、多年生黑麦草、细羊茅、狗牙根、结缕草和海滨雀稗;氨唑草酮和磺酰磺隆可安全用于假俭草、野牛草、圣奥古斯丁草和百喜草。除此之外,乙氧呋草磺可安全用于匍匐剪股颖、高羊茅、肯塔基早熟禾和多年生黑麦草;三氟啶磺隆、啶嘧磺隆、噻酮磺隆+甲酰胺基磺隆+氯吡嘧磺隆可安全用于狗牙根和结缕草草坪,具体有效成分用量见表4

与芽前除草剂相比,芽后除草剂的使用技术要求相对较高,药剂的种类、施药温度、施用剂量、施药方式、施药器械和用水量均会影响防除效果,因此了解药剂特性和使用方法非常关键。目前国外对匍匐剪股颖、肯塔基早熟禾、多年生黑麦草、狗牙根、海滨雀稗和结缕草草坪上芽后一年生早熟禾防除应用案例较多,这些草种也是我国高尔夫球场的主要草种,对其进行梳理有助于我国草坪管理者较好地防除一年生早熟禾。

4.1 匍匐剪股颖草坪芽后应用防除案例

4.1.1 methiozolin

匍匐剪股颖常用于果岭和球道,可使用的芽后药剂有methiozolin、氨唑草酮、磺酰磺隆、双草醚、乙氧呋草磺、抗倒酯和多效唑等24951-52。Flessner等53的研究表明methiozolin(1.12 kg·hm-2)施用12周以后对一年生早熟禾防除效果高于60%,且硫酸铵和硫酸铁的添加不会影响methiozolin的防效,同时能够降低methiozolin对匍匐剪股颖的伤害程度。methiozolin的防效受温度、施药部位、土壤类型影响,McCullough等54的研究表明methiozolin在温度为10 ℃时对匍匐剪股颖的伤害程度分别是20和30 ℃的2和4倍,是因为温度升高能够促进methiozolin从根部向茎部转移从而减少伤害,因此推荐20 ℃以上施用。Brosnan等55的研究表明根部施用methiozolin比叶面施用防除效果更好,methiozolin(1.00 kg·hm-2)在沙质果岭上的防效比土质果岭低15%~19%。为缓解methiozolin对匍匐剪股颖的伤害作用,Venner等56将methiozolin和其他物质(抗倒酯和生物刺激素)混用,结果表明其能有效降低methiozolin对匍匐剪股颖的影响。Brosnan等57的研究表明methiozolin均能有效控制对其他药剂产生抗性的一年生早熟禾。

4.1.2 氨唑草酮

氨唑草酮属光合作用抑制剂,其能有效控制一年生早熟禾,常与生长调节剂混合使用。Jeffries等52的研究结果表明氨唑草酮(0.049 kg·hm-2)与多效唑(0.070 kg·hm-2)组合连续施用6次(每次间隔7 d)对一年生早熟禾的防除效果大于70%,优于单独使用,且多效唑的使用能够提高匍匐剪股颖对氨唑草酮的耐受性。Perry等58的研究表明氨唑草酮(0.53 kg·hm-2)施用3周以后对一年生早熟禾的防控效果为100%,同时还能降低光合量子产量。施药方式和温度也会对其药效有所影响,Jeffries等59研究了不同施用方式(叶片、土壤、叶片+土壤)对氨唑草酮(0.049 kg·hm-2)效果的影响,结果表明其主要通过根系吸收,施用56 d以后的防除效果大于60%。McCullough等60的研究表明氨唑草酮的药效随着温度的升高(10~30 ℃)而增加,但同时对匍匐剪股颖的伤害也会增加,因此推荐春季温度较低时连续2~3次施用低剂量氨唑草酮防除一年生早熟禾。

4.1.3 双草醚

McDonald等61研究发现连续施用3次(每次间隔14 d)双草醚(0.049或0.111 kg·hm-2)对匍匐剪股颖草坪上的一年生早熟禾防除效果大于82%,螯合铁及氮肥和双草醚的混用能有效缓解匍匐剪股颖褪色问题,且不会影响防效。Branham等62研究了双草醚对匍匐剪股颖幼苗的安全性及对一年生早熟禾的防除效果,推荐在出苗3~5周以后施用双草醚(0.074 kg·hm-2)能够有效控制一年生早熟禾,且对匍匐剪股颖的伤害较小。Reicher等63的研究表明在秋季连续施用2次双草醚对匍匐剪股颖上的一年生早熟禾控制效果较好。

4.1.4 植物生长调节

Baldwin等8研究了抗倒酯、多效唑、呋嘧醇3种药剂对匍匐剪股颖上一年生早熟禾的控制,间隔2周施用一次,连续施用2个生长季节,结果表明多效唑(0.28 kg·hm-2)和呋嘧醇(0.22和0.28 kg·hm-2)能够有效增加匍匐剪股颖的覆盖度。Woosley等64的研究结果表明多效唑(0.14和0.28 kg·hm-2)对一年生早熟禾的防效大于85%,在春夏季节使用基础上,秋冬季节继续使用乙氧呋草磺也能增强对一年生早熟禾的控制效果。Ervin等65利用多效唑(0.18~0.36 kg·hm-2)和硫酸亚铁(12.2、24.4、48.8 kg·hm-2)长期联合控制一年生早熟禾,结果表明2年以后一年生早熟禾的覆盖度仅为5%。 Diehl等66的研究表明每月使用多效唑(0.21 kg·hm-2)使匍匐剪股颖球道上一年生早熟禾的覆盖度小于20%。Reicher等63和Patton等67的研究也表明多效唑对一年生早熟禾的防除效果较好。目前在春季连续施用2次乙烯利是草坪上控制一年生早熟禾的工业标准,研究表明春季施用乙烯利的基础上增加一次秋季乙烯利或抗倒酯的施用,能够使一年生早熟禾的头穗数量降低83%~88%268

4.2 其他冷季型草坪芽后应用防除案例

Rana等69评价了methiozolin对110个肯塔基早熟禾品种的安全性及对一年生早熟禾的防除效果,结果表明methiozolin对肯塔基早熟禾的安全性较好,同时在秋季连续两次施用methiozolin(2.00 kg·hm-2)能够有效控制一年生早熟禾。硝磺草酮也可用于芽后防除一年生早熟禾,Branham等70的研究表明硝磺草酮少量多次使用对肯塔基早熟禾上一年生早熟禾的控制效果较好。McCullough等71研究表明双草醚(0.22~0.30 kg·hm-2)对多年生黑麦草和高羊茅草坪上一年生早熟禾的防除效果大于90%,推荐连续少量多次使用双草醚对多年生黑麦草和高羊茅上一年生早熟禾进行控制。助剂的使用会增强防效,能够有效降低除草剂的用量,延缓抗性的产生。McCullough等72的研究表明不添加助剂的情况下,施用8 h之后叶片对双草醚的吸收量为25%,添加植物油、非离子表面活性剂和甲基化种子植物油能够使叶片对双草醚的吸收率分别增加20%,21%和50%,因此在使用双草醚时建议和助剂混用。

4.3 狗牙根草坪芽后应用防除案例

狗牙根对多种芽后除草剂具有较强的耐受性,Leon等73研究了氨唑草酮对狗牙根草坪交播黑麦草中一年生早熟禾的防除效果,结果表明在交播黑麦草8~10周以后施用氨唑草酮,能够降低其对黑麦草的伤害,同时也能够有效控制一年生早熟禾。Elmore等14的研究表明硝磺草酮(0.28 kg·hm-2)和氨唑草酮(0.075 kg·hm-2)具有协同增效的作用,能够有效控制交播黑麦草狗牙根草坪上的一年生早熟禾。Reed等74的研究表明在狗牙根休眠期施用丙炔氟草胺(0.42 kg·hm-2)8周以后对一年生早熟禾的防除效果达61%~70%,同时丙炔氟草胺与啶嘧磺隆、草甘膦、草铵膦、戊炔草胺和西玛津混用能够增强防效达80%~90%,同时还能有效控制止血马唐(Digitaria ischaemum)的发生。有研究表明丙炔氟草胺在休眠期可安全应用在狗牙根、海滨雀稗、圣奥古斯丁草和结缕草草坪75-76。助剂的使用不会提高丙炔氟草胺的防效,Reed等77的研究表明甲基化植物油、非离子表面活性剂和硫酸铵均不能提高丙炔氟草胺的防效。随着分子育种技术的发展,育种家培育出抗草甘膦的黑麦草品种,因此在交播抗性品种的狗牙根草坪上可以使用草甘膦控制一年生早熟禾78。Carroll等79的研究表明,通过梳草能使狗牙根草坪中一年生早熟禾的数量降低41%~47%,因为垂直切割能够使土壤中的一年生早熟禾种子翻出地面,降低其发芽率。

4.4 海滨雀稗草坪芽后应用防除案例

海滨雀稗对除草剂较为敏感,据统计可用于海滨雀稗草坪上的除草剂约20种80,常用于防除海滨雀稗草坪上一年生早熟禾的苗后除草剂主要有氨唑草酮、戊炔草胺、啶嘧磺隆、多效唑。Yu等81的研究表明冬季和春季施用氨唑草酮(0.098~0.392 kg·hm-2)对海滨雀稗的伤害程度小于5%,高剂量组(0.392 kg·hm-2)对一年生早熟禾的防除效果为78%~90%,和戊炔草胺(1.68 kg·hm-2)的防除效果相当。Johnston等82的研究表明在海滨雀稗的休眠期使用氨唑草酮(0.196 kg·hm-2)+啶嘧磺隆(0.026 kg·hm-2)组合对一年生早熟禾的防除效果大于80%,对海滨雀稗的伤害程度为13%~29%。McCullough等83的研究结果表明戊炔草胺在海滨雀稗完全休眠期、50%返青期、100%返青期施用相对安全,最大伤害程度不超过7%,同时6周以后戊炔草胺(0.84、1.68、3.36 kg·hm-2)对一年生早熟禾的防除效果为67%、90%和98%;此外其还研究了其他类型除草剂对海滨雀稗的安全性,结果表明三氟啶磺隆(0.03 kg·hm-2)、双草醚(0.11 kg·hm-2)、莠去津(2.24 kg·hm-2)对海滨雀稗的伤害程度超过20%,甲酰胺基磺隆(0.03 kg·hm-2)、砜嘧磺隆(0.03 kg·hm-2)和乙氧呋草磺(1.68 kg·hm-2)伤害程度为7%~20%。

4.5 结缕草草坪芽后应用防除案例

结缕草对多种芽后除草剂具有较好的耐受性,在生长期可使用methiozolin、氨唑草酮、啶嘧磺隆、三氟啶磺隆和磺酰磺隆等药剂防除一年生早熟禾。在休眠期可使用草甘膦和草铵膦等灭生性除草剂进行点喷处理,均能够有效抑制一年生早熟禾。有研究表明草甘膦+染色剂组合对休眠结缕草草坪中的一年生早熟禾具有较好的防除效果,且不会影响结缕草春季返青84。Craft等85的研究表明在结缕草休眠期施用甲酰胺磺隆、西玛津、丙炔氟草胺+敌草快、丙炔氟草胺+草甘膦、丙炔氟草胺+草铵膦组合均能有效防除一年生早熟禾。除此之外,通过梳草能够使结缕草草坪中的一年生早熟禾种子露出地表,降低其发芽率86

5 总结与展望

本研究对成坪高尔夫草坪中一年生早熟禾的化学防除研究进展进行了总结,尤其是对登记在不同草坪草上防除一年生早熟禾的化学药剂进行全面梳理,为我国草坪管理者在药剂选择方面提供了帮助。结合目前国内高尔夫球场所用草种和化学药剂登记情况,匍匐剪股颖、高羊茅、肯塔基早熟禾、多年生黑麦草、细羊茅、狗牙根、结缕草和海滨雀稗草坪上防除一年生早熟禾的芽前药剂首选氨氟乐灵、二甲戊灵、氨氟乐灵+甲磺草胺3种药剂,芽后防除选择methiozolin、氨唑草酮、磺酰磺隆、抗倒酯和多效唑5种药剂。狗牙根和结缕草草坪芽后还可选择三氟啶磺隆、啶嘧磺隆、砜嘧磺隆、甲酰胺基磺隆和西玛津5种药剂来防除一年生早熟禾。长期使用同一作用机制的药剂会导致抗性的产生87-88,因此推荐不同作用机理的药剂轮换或组合使用。

一年生早熟禾是高尔夫运动草坪上的重要杂草,对其精准有效防除能够提高草坪的质量,增加草坪的使用年限。目前一年生早熟禾的防除存在重芽后轻芽前问题,出苗后一年生早熟禾生长迅速且易抽穗开花,大大增加了芽后防除难度。一年生早熟禾的防除应遵循“芽前控制为主,芽后茎叶处理为辅”的基本原则,形成主动除草的观念意识。除此之外,芽前除草剂的施用时间也不准确,草坪管理者应该对往年的发芽时间做好记录,一定要在种子萌发之前完成芽前除草剂施用工作。芽前除草剂并不能够抑制所有种子萌发,因此出苗后应该及时进行芽后处理,遵循“除早除小”的原则,在其抽穗开花之前进行茎叶处理防除效果更好。施用除草剂时严格按照推荐剂量,随意增加用量会对草坪草造成伤害。苗期可以采用植物生长调节剂和低剂量芽后除草剂组合来防除一年生早熟禾,这样能够有效降低除草剂对草坪草的伤害。一年生早熟禾的防除是系统长周期的过程,切勿操之过急,同时也可将农业措施和化学措施结合起来进行防控,如打孔、梳草和垂直切割均可降低一年生早熟禾的覆盖度。另外目前已有报道生物型除草剂应用在冷季型草坪上,未来随着生物技术的发展,更多的新型生物除草剂将会被用于一年生早熟禾89,使其防除有更多的选择。

参考文献

[1]

Wen Y F, Hu J F. Investigation and control strategy of weed on golf course in Yunnan. Pratacultural Science, 2007, 24(8): 92-95.

[2]

文亦芾, 胡姣璠. 云南高尔夫球场草坪杂草调查及防除对策. 草业科学, 2007, 24(8): 92-95.

[3]

Reicher Z J, Sousek M D, Patton A J, et al. Adding a late fall application of proxy (ethephon) before two traditional spring applications improves seedhead control of annual bluegrass. Crop, Forage & Turfgrass Management, 2020, 6(1): e20031.

[4]

Brosnan J T, Breeden G K, Mueller T C. A glyphosate-resistant biotype of annual bluegrass in Tennessee. Weed Science, 2012, 60(1): 97-100.

[5]

Diehl K H, Elmore M T, Koppenhofer A M, et al. Annual bluegrass weevil, paclobutrazol, and overseeding for annual bluegrass control in cool-season turfgrass. Crop Science, 2021, 61(2): 1458-1467.

[6]

Martin I, Connor F J, Ming T T, et al. Effect of spray droplet spectra on control of Poa annua with pronamide. Weed Technology, 2023, 37(4): 368-375.

[7]

Rana S S, Askew S D. Measuring canopy anomaly influence on golf putt kinematics: does annual bluegrass influence ball roll behavior? Crop Science, 2018, 58(2): 911-916.

[8]

Hang N, Wang X Y, Zhang Y W, et al. Chemical control of weeds in zoysia grass lawns. Pratacultural Science, 2019, 36(9): 2259-2269.

[9]

杭楠, 王翔宇, 张蕴薇, 结缕草草坪杂草化学防除策略. 草业科学, 2019, 36(9): 2259-2269.

[10]

Baldwin C M, Brede A D. Plant growth regulator selection and application rate influence annual bluegrass control in creeping bentgrass putting greens. Applied Turfgrass Science, 2011, 8(1): 1-8.

[11]

Silcox C A, Bravo J S, Crum J R, et al. Evaluating the efficacy of dazomet for the control of annual bluegrass seed germination in renovated turf surfaces. HortTechnology, 2018, 28(1): 44-47.

[12]

Carroll D E, Brosnan J T, Breeden G K. Annual bluegrass control in bermudagrass using dimethenamid and pendimethalin. Crop, Forage Turfgrass Management, 2021, 7(1): e20083.

[13]

Carroll D E, Brosnan J T, Trigiano R N, et al. Current understanding of the Poa annua life cycle. Crop Science, 2021, 61(3): 1527-1537.

[14]

Tian X L, Bai X M, Yan Y B, et al. Study on suitable temperature for seed germination of Poa annua. Grassland and Turf, 2024, 44(1): 183-192.

[15]

田晓岚, 白小明, 闫玉邦, 一年生早熟禾种子萌发适宜温度研究. 草原与草坪, 2024, 44(1): 183-192.

[16]

Haguewood J B, Song E, Smeda R J, et al. Suppression of annual bluegrass seedheads with mefluidide, ethephon, and ethephon plus trinexapac-ethyl on creeping bentgrass greens. Agronomy Journal, 2013, 105(6): 1832-1838.

[17]

Elmore M T, Brosnan J T, Breeden G K, et al. Mesotrione, topramezone, and amicarbazone combinations for postemergence annual bluegrass (Poa annua) control. Weed Technology, 2013, 27(3): 596-603.

[18]

Patton A J, Elmore M T. Turfgrass weed control (2021 edition). West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2021: 73-100.

[19]

Herbicide Resistance Action Committee. 2024 HRAC global herbicide mode of action classification. (2024-01-05)[2024-06-25]. https://hracglobal.com/tools/2024-hrac-global-herbicide-moa-classification.

[20]

Moseley J. Barricade 65 WG herbicide product label. (2021-01-29)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000100-00834-20210129.pdf.

[21]

Clemmer R A. Surflan flex herbicide product label. (2016-08-03)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/070506-00308-20160803.pdf.

[22]

Brik J H. Pendulum herbicide product label. (2009-05-01)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000241-00375-20090501.pdf.

[23]

Smith K S. Team pro herbicide product label. (2022-03-23)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/010163-00346-20220323.pdf.

[24]

Danowski W. Dithiopyr 0.086 plus herbicide product label. (2015-06-02)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/032802-00068-20150602.pdf.

[25]

Jackson S. Ronstar G herbicide product label. (2024-05-07)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/101563-00017-20240507.pdf.

[26]

Schlekau J B. Sureguard herbicide product label. (2016-12-14)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/059639-00120-20161214.pdf.

[27]

McCaskill A. Pennant magnum herbicide product label. (2023-01-24)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000100-00950-20230124.pdf.

[28]

Kleppe C D. Freehand herbicide product label. (2015-11-10)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/007969-00273-20151110.pdf.

[29]

Moseley J. Tenacity herbicide product label. (2022-09-28)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000100-01267-20220928.pdf.

[30]

Lowry B. Gemini herbicide product label. (2024-04-15)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/058185-00180-20240415.pdf.

[31]

Glenn B. Specticle FLO herbicide product label. (2020-08-31)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000432-01608-20200831.pdf.

[32]

Moore T. Revolver herbicide product label. (2016-09-21)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000432-01266-20160921.pdf.

[33]

Mattern G C. Manor herbicide product label. (2019-05-10)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000228-00373-20190510.pdf.

[34]

Helm Agro US Incorporated. Rimsulfuron herbicide product label. (2019-09-11)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/074530-00090-20190911.pdf.

[35]

Hamilton R L. Certainty herbicide product label. (2021-08-09)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/059639-00226-20210809.pdf.

[36]

Bloomberg A. Tribute TOTAL herbicide product label. (2021-02-24)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000432-01519-20210224.pdf.

[37]

Moseley J. Monument herbicide product label. (2021-06-30)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000100-01134-20210630.pdf.

[38]

Obrestad L. Velocity herbicide product label. (2018-09-27)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/059639-00130-20180927.pdf.

[39]

Rice C. Xonerate 2sc herbicide product label. (2022-01-06)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000279-03621-20220106.pdf.

[40]

Monsanto Company. Campaign herbicide product label. (2008-08-19)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000524-00351-20080819.pdf.

[41]

White M. Aatrex herbicide product label. (2021-11-10)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000100-00497-20211110.pdf.

[42]

Moore T. Sencor herbicide product label. (2016-09-30)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000432-01469-20160930.pdf.

[43]

White M. Princep herbicide product label. (2022-12-22)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000100-00526-20221222.pdf.

[44]

Rice C. Echelon herbicide product label. (2022-08-25)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000279-03323-20220825.pdf.

[45]

Glenn B. Prograss herbicide product label. (2018-06-12)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000432-01462-20180612.pdf.

[46]

Fulford J. PoaCure herbicide product label. (2023-03-27)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/089633-00004-20230327.pdf.

[47]

Bigelow C A, Hardebeck G A, Bunnell B T. Monthly flurprimidol applications reduce annual bluegrass populations in a creeping bentgrass fairway. Applied Turfgrass Science, 2007, 4(1): 1-7.

[48]

Fan A H, Jin H J, Wang Z L. Screening of pre-mergence herbicides in centipedegrass during turf establishment. Pratacultural Science, 2012, 29(2): 179-183.

[49]

范安辉, 金海娇, 王兆龙. 假俭草草坪建植期的芽前除草剂筛选. 草业科学, 2012, 29(2): 179-183.

[50]

Ponce J. Goosegrass herbicide product label. (2024-04-26)[2024-06-25]. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/009198-00176-20240426.pdf.

[51]

Brosnan J T, Breeden G K, McCullough P E, et al. Pre and post control of annual bluegrass (Poa annua) with indaziflam. Weed Technology, 2012, 26(1): 48-53.

[52]

Reicher Z, Sousek M, Giese M. Herbicide programs for annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) control in Nebraska. Crop, Forage Turfgrass Management, 2017, 3(1): 1-7.

[53]

Askew S D, McNulty B M S. Methiozolin and cumyluron for preemergence annual bluegrass (Poa annua) control on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) putting greens. Weed Technology, 2014, 28(3): 535-542.

[54]

Yu J, McCullough P E. Annual bluegrass control during hybrid bluegrass establishment from sprigs. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, 2017, 13(1): 670-674.

[55]

Yu J, McCullough P E. Methiozolin efficacy, absorption, and fate in six cool-season grasses. Crop Science, 2014, 54(3): 1211-1219.

[56]

Jeffries M D, Yelverton F H, Gannon T W. Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) control in creeping bentgrass putting greens with amicarbazone and paclobutrazol. Weed Technology, 2013, 27(3): 520-526.

[57]

Flessner M L, McElroy J S, McCurdy J D. Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) control with methiozolin and nutrient tank-mixtures. Weed Technology, 2017, 31(5): 761-768.

[58]

McCullough P E, Barreda D G, Yu J. Selectivity of methiozolin for annual bluegrass (Poa annua) control in creeping bentgrass as influenced by temperature and application timing. Weed Science, 2013, 61(2): 209-216.

[59]

Brosnan J T, Henry G M, Breeden G K, et al. Methiozolin efficacy for annual bluegrass (Poa annua) control on sand and soil-based creeping bentgrass putting greens. Weed Technology, 2013, 27(2): 310-316.

[60]

Venner K A, Ervin E, Koo S J, et al. Effect of core cultivation, fertility, and plant growth regulators on recovery of voided creeping bentgrass greens canopies following annual bluegrass control via methiozolin. Weed Technology, 2023, 37(2): 185-191.

[61]

Brosnan J T, Vargas J J, Breeden G K. Controlling herbicide-resistant annual bluegrass (Poa annua) phenotypes with methiozolin. Weed Technology, 2017, 31(3): 470-476.

[62]

Perry D H, McElroy J S, Walker R H. Effects of soil vs foliar application of amicarbazone on annual bluegrass (Poa annua). Weed Technology, 2011, 25(4): 604-608.

[63]

Jeffries M D, Gannon T W, Rufty T W, et al. Effect of selective amicarbazone placement on annual bluegrass (Poa annua) and creeping bentgrass growth. Weed Technology, 2013, 27(4): 718-724.

[64]

McCullough P E, Hart S E, Weisenberger D, et al. Amicarbazone efficacy on annual bluegrass and safety on cool-season turfgrasses. Weed Technology, 2010, 24(4): 461-470.

[65]

McDonald S J, Dernoeden P H, Kaminski J E. Creeping bentgrass tolerance and annual bluegrass control with bispyribac-sodium tank-mixed with iron and nitrogen. Applied Turfgrass Science, 2006, 3(1): 1-7.

[66]

Branham B E, Sharp W. Annual bluegrass control in seedling creeping bentgrass with bispyribac-sodium. Applied Turfgrass Science, 2011, 8(1): 1-8.

[67]

Reicher Z J, Sousek M D, Patton A J, et al. Annual bluegrass control on putting greens from three or four years of season-long applications of herbicides or plant growth regulators in three states. Crop, Forage & Turfgrass Management, 2015, 1(1): 1-7.

[68]

Woosley P B, Williams D W, Powell A J. Postemergence control of annual bluegrass (Poa annua spp. reptans) in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) turf. Weed Technology, 2003, 17(4): 770-776.

[69]

Ervin E H, Reams N, Zhang X, et al. An integrated nutritional and chemical approach to Poa annua suppression in creeping bentgrass greens. Crop Science, 2017, 57(2): 567-572.

[70]

Diehl K H, Elmore M T, Koppenhofer A M, et al. Annual bluegrass weevil (Listronotus maculicollis) and paclobutrazol control annual bluegrass (Poa annua) in creeping bentgrass fairways. Weed Technology, 2022, 36(1): 137-144.

[71]

Patton A J, Braun R C, Schortgen G P, et al. Long-term efficacy of annual bluegrass control strategies on golf course putting greens. Crop, Forage & Turfgrass Management, 2019, 5(1): 1-10.

[72]

Askew S D. Plant growth regulators applied in winter improve annual bluegrass (Poa annua) seedhead suppression on golf greens. Weed Technology, 2017, 31(5): 701-713.

[73]

Rana S S, Askew S D. Response of 110 Kentucky bluegrass varieties and winter annual weeds to methiozolin. Weed Technology, 2016, 30(4): 965-978.

[74]

Branham B E, Skelton J J, Sharp W. Postemergence control of annual bluegrass with mesotrione in Kentucky bluegrass. HortScience, 2012, 47(4): 522-526.

[75]

McCullough P E, Hart S E. Annual bluegrass control in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue with bispyribac-sodium. Applied Turfgrass Science, 2009, 6(1): 1-9.

[76]

McCullough P E, Hart S E. Spray adjuvants influence bispyribac-sodium efficacy for annual bluegrass (Poa annua) control in cool-season turf grass. Weed Technology, 2008, 22(2): 257-262.

[77]

Leon R G, McCarty L B, Estes A G. Amicarbazone application timing influences overseeded perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) safety and annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) control. Applied Turfgrass Science, 2014, 11(1): 1-5.

[78]

Reed T V, McCullough P E, Grey T, et al. Flumioxazin tank-mixtures with six herbicides for annual bluegrass (Poa annua) control in bermudagrass. Weed Technology, 2015, 29(3): 561-569.

[79]

Reed T V, McCullough P E. Tolerance of five warm-season turfgrass species to flumioxazin. Weed Technology, 2014, 28(2): 340-350.

[80]

Flessner M L, McElroy J S, Baird J H, et al. Utilizing flumioxazin for annual bluegrass (Poa annua) control in bermudagrass turf. Weed Technology, 2013, 27(3): 590-595.

[81]

Reed T V, McCullough P E, Grey T. Evaluation of adjuvants on flumioxazin efficacy for postemergence annual bluegrass and residual smooth crabgrass control. Applied Turfgrass Science, 2014, 11(1): 1-6.

[82]

Flessner M L, McElroy J S, Wehtje G R. Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) control in glyphosate-resistant perennial ryegrass overseeding. Weed Technology, 2014, 28(1): 213-224.

[83]

Carroll E D, Brosnan T J, Unruh B J, et al. Non-chemical control of annual bluegrass (Poa annua) in bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) via fraise mowing: efficacy and barriers to adoption. Sustainability, 2021, 13(15): 8124-8137.

[84]

Wang K. Safe herbicides for weeds control in Paspalum vaginatum based golf course. Grassland and Turf, 2013, 33(5): 86-89, 93.

[85]

王恺. 适用于海滨雀稗草坪杂草防除的除草剂. 草原与草坪, 2013, 33(5): 86-89, 93.

[86]

Yu J, McCullough P E, Czarnota M A. Seashore paspalum tolerance to amicarbazone at various seasonal application timings. Weed Technology, 2015, 29(1): 42-47.

[87]

Johnston C R, McCullough P E. Flazasulfuron tank mixtures with amicarbazone for annual bluegrass control in seashore paspalum. Applied Turfgrass Science, 2014, 11(1): 1-6.

[88]

McCullough P E, Yu J, Barreda D G. Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) tolerance to pronamide applications for annual bluegrass control. Weed Technology, 2012, 26(2): 289-293.

[89]

Hoyle J A, Reeves J A. Effect of colorant and glyphosate application timing on annual bluegrass and tall fescue control in dormant ‘Meyer’zoysiagrass. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, 2017, 13(1): 727-730.

[90]

Craft J M, Godara N, Askew S D. Zoysiagrass and weed response to herbicides during post-dormancy transition. Weed Technology, 2023, 37(3): 267-276.

[91]

Brosnan J T, Breeden G K, Zobel J M, et al. Nonchemical annual bluegrass (Poa annua) management in zoysiagrass via fraise mowing. Weed Technology, 2020, 34(4): 1-7.

[92]

Brosnan J T, Breeden G K, Vargas J J, et al. Confirmation and control of annual bluegrass resistant to photosystem-Ⅱ- inhibiting herbicides. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, 2017, 13(1): 675-680.

[93]

Cross R B, Bridges W C, McCarty L B, et al. Evaluating annual bluegrass herbicide resistance evolution in golf course fairways. Weed Technology, 2015, 29(3): 488-500.

[94]

Wolfe J C, Neal J C, Harlow C D, et al. Efficacy of the bioherbicide thaxtomin A on smooth crabgrass and annual bluegrass and safety in cool-season turfgrasses. Weed Technology, 2015, 30(3): 733-742.

基金资助

黑龙江八一农垦大学引进人才项目(XYB202305)

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF (550KB)

265

访问

0

被引

详细

导航
相关文章

AI思维导图

/