不同放牧方式对高寒草地物种多样性、生态位与种间联结性的影响
冯斌 , 杨晓霞 , 刘玉祯 , 刘文亭 , 吕卫东 , 张艳芬 , 董全民
草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (08) : 1 -14.
不同放牧方式对高寒草地物种多样性、生态位与种间联结性的影响
Effects of different livestock classes on species diversity, niches, and interspecific associations in alpine grassland
为明晰中度放牧条件家畜类型及其组合对高寒草地物种多样性、生态位与种间联结性的影响,并探究中度放牧下高寒草地稳定性的维持机制,本研究基于中度放牧强度,设置了牦牛单牧、藏羊单牧、牦牛藏羊1∶6混牧、牦牛藏羊1∶4混牧和牦牛藏羊1∶2混牧5个控制性放牧试验处理和1个禁牧处理。研究结果表明:1)重要值较大的12个物种在群落中具有较大的生态位宽度;2)物种重要值与生态位宽度间呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05);3)群落总体联结性呈显著负相关关系,而种间联结性以不显著的负相关关系为主;4)生态位相似性、重叠值与种间联结性之间存在显著正相关关系;5)群落物种生态位特征和种间联结性的分析结果表明,优势物种较好的空间结构和种间关系增强了草地生态系统的稳定性。高寒草地生态系统对中度放牧干扰的敏感性从物种到功能群到群落逐渐降低,基于优势种高的生态位宽度和弱的种间联结性,各放牧处理间无显著差异,中度放牧条件下不同放牧方式均维持了高寒草地生态系统的多样性和稳定性,从植被层面而言群落中弱的种间关系和强的资源竞争能力极大地提高了群落的抗干扰能力,从物种生态位和联结性的角度阐述了高寒草地在放牧干扰下维持草地生态系统生物多样性和稳定性的潜在机制。
This study aimed to investigate the effects of livestock classes and their combinations on species diversity, ecological niches, and interspecific associations in alpine grasslands under moderate grazing conditions, and to explore the mechanisms that sustain the stability of alpine grasslands under such conditions. Six treatments were established based on moderate grazing intensity: yak-only grazing, Tibetan sheep-only grazing, mixed yak-Tibetan sheep grazing at ratios of 1∶6, 1∶4, and 1∶2, and an ungrazed control. The results indicate that: 1) The 12 plant species with higher importance values exhibited broader niche widths within the community; 2) There was a significant positive correlation between species importance value and niche width (P<0.05); 3) Overall community associations showed significant negative correlations, while interspecific associations were predominantly characterized by non-significant negative correlations; 4) A significant positive correlation was detected between niche similarity/overlap values and interspecific associations; 5) The niche characteristics and interspecific associations of community species suggested that well-structured spatial arrangements and interspecific relationships of dominant species enhanced the stability of the grassland ecosystem. The sensitivity of alpine grassland ecosystems to moderate grazing disturbance decreased progressively from species to functional groups to the entire community. As a consequence of the broad niche widths and weak interspecific associations of dominant plant species, there were no significant differences among the grazing treatments. Under moderate grazing conditions, different grazing methods effectively maintained the diversity and stability of alpine grassland ecosystems. From a vegetation perspective, the weak interspecific relationships and strong resource competition within the community significantly enhanced its resistance to disturbances. The results of this study provide insights into the mechanisms by which alpine grasslands maintain biodiversity and stability during grazing disturbances, and emphasize the roles of species’ niches and interspecific associations.
moderate grazing / yaks / Tibetan sheep / ecological niche / community stability
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国家自然科学基金(32160343)
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