绿肥部分替代化肥氮对土壤物理性状的影响
秦文利 , 张静 , 肖广敏 , 崔素倩 , 叶建勋 , 智健飞 , 张立锋 , 谢楠 , 冯伟 , 刘振宇 , 潘璇 , 代云霞 , 刘忠宽
草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (06) : 27 -45.
绿肥部分替代化肥氮对土壤物理性状的影响
Effects of partial replacement of chemical nitrogen fertilizers with green manure on soil physical properties and maize (Zea mays) yield
2020-2022年度以毛叶苕子和玉米为材料,采用二因素裂区田间试验设计,主处理为冬闲田(FF)、冬闲田种植毛叶苕子并全量还田(HV)2种模式,副处理为玉米0(0N)、135.0(50%N)和270.0 kg·hm-2(100%N)3个施氮水平,研究了毛叶苕子还田和施氮水平对玉米0~10 cm、10~20 cm土层土壤团聚体组成与分布、团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、破坏率(PAD)、可蚀性因子(K)、容重(BD)、总孔隙度(TP)、毛管孔隙度(CP)、非毛管孔隙度(NCP)、最大持水量(MWHC)、毛管持水量(CWHC)、非毛管持水量(NCWHC)、土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、团聚体有机碳(AOC)含量及玉米产量的影响,以期从土壤物理性状变化为绿肥部分替代化肥氮实现作物稳产增产提供科学依据。结果表明,与FF模式相比,HV模式0~10 cm、10~20 cm土层>0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体总含量(R0.25)、MWD、GMD、TP、CP、NCP、MWHC、CWHC、NCWHC、SOC含量分别显著增加8.95%、40.84%、30.57%、5.89%、1.47%、4.42%、15.01%、6.41%、27.08%、7.29%和13.13%、62.87%、51.68%、5.02%、0.76%、4.25%、13.11%、3.32%、27.86%、7.10%;PAD、K和BD分别显著降低8.83%、20.79%、5.99%和12.14%、30.73%、7.31%。HV模式下各土层各粒径AOC含量及玉米产量均显著提高。施氮水平对各土层各粒径AOC含量、R0.25及其他物理性状指标、玉米产量影响显著或极显著。HV模式50%N处理0~10 cm、10~20 cm土层的SOC含量、>5 mm AOC含量及0~10 cm土层的0.50~1.00 mm AOC含量、10~20 cm土层的BD、TP、CP、NCP、MWD、CWHC、NCWHC及玉米产量较FF模式100%N处理变化均不显著,0~10 cm、10~20 cm土层的2.00~5.00 mm、1.00~2.00 mm、0.25~0.50 mm、<0.25 mm AOC含量及10~20 cm土层0.50~1.00 mm 的AOC含量,0~10 cm、10~20 cm土层的R0.25、MWD、GMD,0~10 cm土层的TP、NCP、MWHC、NCWHC均显著提高,0~10 cm、10~20 cm土层的PAD、K及0~10 cm土层的BD均显著下降。各粒径AOC含量与SOC含量之间、各粒级团聚体含量与其AOC含量之间、土壤物理性状指标与各粒级团聚体含量之间、玉米产量与土壤物理性状指标之间均呈显著或极显著相关。因此,绿肥还田后土壤有机碳含量的提高是促进团粒结构形成,增强土壤抗侵蚀、持水能力的重要基础。绿肥对土壤氮、有机碳的输入是其部分替代氮肥、改善土壤物理性状、实现减氮增产的重要前提。
The partial replacement of chemical nitrogen fertilizers with green manure can improve crop yields and soil physical properties. A two-factor split-plot field experiment with maize and hairy vetch was conducted from 2020 to 2022. The main treatment was the cultivation mode before maize planting [winter fallow field (FF) and total return of hairy vetch planted in the winter fallow field (HV)] and the sub-treatment was the nitrogen application level [0 kg·ha-1 (0%N), 135.0 kg·ha-1 (50%N), 270.0 kg·ha-1 (100%N)] to maize as the following crop. The soil physical properties were determined by measuring soil aggregate composition and distribution, mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of aggregates, percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD), soil erodibility factor (K), soil bulk density (BD), total porosity (TP), capillary porosity (CP), non-capillary porosity (NCP), maximum water holding capacity (MWHC), capillary water holding capacity (CWHC), non-capillary water holding capacity (NCWHC), soil organic carbon (SOC) content, and aggregate-associated organic carbon (AOC) content in the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil horizons. Maize yield was also determined. The results showed that, compared with FF, HV significantly increased the proportion of macroaggregates (R0.25) in the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil horizons by 8.95% and 13.13%, MWD by 40.84% and 62.87%, GMD by 30.57% and 51.68%, TP by 5.89% and 5.02%, CP by 1.47% and 0.76%, NCP by 4.42% and 4.25%, MWHC by 15.01% and 13.11%, CWHC by 6.41% and 3.32%, NCWHC by 27.08% and 27.86%, and SOC content by 7.29% and 7.10%, respectively; and significantly reduced PAD by 8.83% and 12.14%, K by 20.79% and 30.73%, and BD by 5.99% and 7.31%, respectively. The AOC content of each particle size fraction in each soil layer and maize yield were significantly higher in HV than in FF. The nitrogen application level had significant or extremely significant impacts on the AOC content of each particle size fraction in each soil layer, R0.25, and other soil physical indexes and maize yield. The following indexes were not significantly different between the FF100%N and HV50%N treatments: SOC content, AOC contents of the >5 mm fraction of the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil horizons, AOC content of the 0.50-1.00 mm fraction of the 0-10 cm soil horizon, the BD, TP, CP, NCP, MWD, CWHC, NCWHC of the 10-20 cm soil horizon, and maize yield. However, the following indexes were higher in the HV50%N treatment than in the FF100%N treatment: AOC contents of the 2.00-5.00 mm, 1.00-2.00 mm, 0.25-0.50 mm, and <0.25 mm fractions of the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil horizon, AOC content of the 0.50-1.00 mm fraction of the 10-20 cm soil horizon, the R0.25, MWD, and GMD of the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil horizons, and the TP, NCP, MWHC, and NCWHC of the 0-10 cm horizon. The PAD and K of the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil horizons and the BD of the 0-10 cm soil horizon were significantly lower in HV50%N than in FF100%N. There were significant or extremely significant correlations between the AOC content of each particle size fraction and SOC content; the content of each particle size fraction and the AOC content; soil physical property indexes and the content of each particle size fraction; and maize yield and soil physical property indexes. The increased SOC content after returning green manure laid the foundation for improved aggregate structure, enhancing soil erosion resistance and WHC. The addition of nitrogen and organic carbon derived from green manure improved the soil’s physical properties. The use of green manure achieved the aims of reducing chemical nitrogen inputs and increasing yield.
毛叶苕子 / 施氮水平 / 土壤有机碳含量 / 土壤物理性状 / 玉米产量
hairy vetch / nitrogen application level / soil organic carbon content / soil physical properties / yield of maize
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国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD190090107)
河北省省级科技计划(21327503D)
河北省农林科学院科技创新专项(2022KJCXZX-ZHS-7)
河北省农林科学院科技创新专项(2022KJCXZX-ZHS-8)
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