种植翻压光叶紫花苕配合氮肥减施提高烤烟产量和土壤质量

赵文军 ,  梁婷 ,  王剑松 ,  刘魁 ,  冯瑜 ,  王正旭 ,  徐梓荷 ,  朱云聪 ,  孙蒙猛 ,  李湘伟 ,  付利波 ,  尹梅 ,  周国朋 ,  陈华 ,  曹卫东

草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (10) : 74 -84.

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草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (10) : 74 -84. DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2024453
研究论文

种植翻压光叶紫花苕配合氮肥减施提高烤烟产量和土壤质量

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Planting and incorporation of smooth vetch together with reduced nitrogen fertilizer application enhances tobacco yield and soil quality

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摘要

探讨云南烟区绿肥翻压量配合氮肥减施的效应,以期为烤烟生产的节肥增效提供理论依据和技术途径。基于2017年开始的田间试验,于2022年研究了翻压不同量光叶紫花苕配合减氮15%及30%对烤烟产量和土壤质量的影响。相比冬闲-烤烟常规施肥(F100),22500~30000 kg·hm-2光叶紫花苕翻压量配合减施常规量氮肥15%和30%,烤烟产量提升了4.85%~9.94%(P<0.05)。翻压光叶紫花苕配合减施氮肥改善了土壤养分性状,其中,光叶紫花苕翻压30000 kg·hm-2配合减氮30%处理土壤有机质和可溶性有机氮含量最高,相比F100处理分别提高了28.2%和242.6%(P<0.05)。光叶紫花苕翻压22500和30000 kg·hm-2配合减氮30%处理土壤质量指数相比F100分别提高了49.1%和72.9%(P<0.05)。不同施氮水平下,土壤碳、氮、磷相关水解酶活性随着绿肥翻压量的增加而增加。偏最小二乘路径分析(PLS-PM)和随机森林分析表明,烤烟产量主要受土壤有机质及酶活性的影响。因此,种植翻压绿肥后合理减施氮肥能够提高烤烟产量和土壤质量,其中翻压光叶紫花苕22500~30000 kg·hm-2减施氮肥30%效果突出。

Abstract

The overall aim of our research was to provide a theoretical basis and technical approach to reduce fertilizer use and improve fertilizer use efficiency during tobacco production in Yunnan. To this end, we conducted an experiment in which different amounts of smooth vetch (Vicia villosa) were incorporated together with reduced application rates of nitrogen fertilizer to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and the yield and soil quality were evaluated. The field experiment commenced in 2017, and the impacts of planting and incorporating varying amounts of smooth vetch together with 30% and 15% reductions in the nitrogen fertilizer application rate on tobacco yield and soil quality were evaluated in 2022. Compared with the conventional fertilization practice of fallow-tobacco (control-F100), incorporating 22500 to 30000 kg·ha-1 green manure with a 15% and 30% reduction in the nitrogen fertilizer application rate significantly increased tobacco yield by 4.85%-9.94% (P<0.05). The incorporation of smooth vetch with reduced nitrogen fertilizer application also improved soil nutrient properties. Specifically, the treatment with 30000 kg·ha-1 green manure incorporation and a 30% reduction in the nitrogen fertilizer rate resulted in the highest soil organic matter and soluble organic nitrogen contents, which were increased by 28.2% and 242.6%, respectively, compared with those in the control (P<0.05). Incorporation of smooth vetch at rates of 22500 and 30000 kg·ha-1, in conjunction with a 30% reduction in the nitrogen application rate, increased the soil quality index by 49.1% and 72.9%, respectively, compared with that in the control (P<0.05). Under different nitrogen application levels, the activities of hydrolytic enzymes associated with soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus increased with increasing amounts of incorporated green manure. Partial least squares path modeling and random forest analyses indicated that tobacco yield was primarily influenced by the soil organic matter content and enzyme activity. Therefore, planting and incorporating green manure with the linked reduction of nitrogen fertilizer enhanced both tobacco yield and soil quality, with outstanding effects observed at 22500 to 30000 kg·ha-1 of smooth vetch incorporation with a 30% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer.

Graphical abstract

关键词

烤烟 / 绿肥 / 氮肥减施 / 产量 / 土壤质量 / 土壤酶活性

Key words

tobacco / green manure / nitrogen fertilizer reduction / yield / soil quality / soil enzyme activity

引用本文

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赵文军,梁婷,王剑松,刘魁,冯瑜,王正旭,徐梓荷,朱云聪,孙蒙猛,李湘伟,付利波,尹梅,周国朋,陈华,曹卫东. 种植翻压光叶紫花苕配合氮肥减施提高烤烟产量和土壤质量[J]. 草业学报, 2025, 34(10): 74-84 DOI:10.11686/cyxb2024453

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烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum)是我国重要的经济作物,其产量和品质直接关系到植烟地区农民的收入1。烤烟的种植主要集中在云南、贵州和四川等地区,这些地区具有得天独厚的自然条件,适合烤烟生长2。烤烟对氮素极其敏感,传统的烤烟种植模式往往过度依赖于高量的氮肥施用来追求高产3。然而,长期过量施用氮肥,不仅导致贵州等地烟区土壤结构破坏、烤烟品质下降,还加剧了病虫害的发生和环境污染4。目前,不合理的施肥方式和连作障碍已成为烤烟产量提升的主要限制因素5-6。绿肥是我国传统农业的瑰宝,在提升地力、减施化肥中作用巨大7-8。绿肥-经济作物轮作已成为支撑作物可持续生产的关键农业实践,对作物产量和土壤多功能性等产生积极影响9。绿肥-烤烟轮作是减轻过量化肥施用带来不利影响和破解植烟连作障碍的有效路径10。前人研究表明绿肥-烟草轮作可明显提升土壤肥力、增加烤烟产量11、改善烤烟品质12
光叶紫花苕(Vicia villosa)是云南烟区烟草轮作制度中常见的豆科绿肥作物,具有生物固氮能力强、生长周期短和适应性广等特点13。种植利用光叶紫花苕等绿肥能够改善土壤质量和提高烤烟产量14。研究人员对比多种供试绿肥效果,发现种植利用光叶紫花苕烟叶农艺性状明显改善,其经济效益最优12。同时,种植利用光叶紫花苕配施减量氮肥能够使烟田节肥、增效15,然而,绿肥翻压量的适宜范围因地区、作物、土壤条件和氮肥投入量等因素的不同而异16。因此,在烤烟生产中,氮肥减施下确定适宜的绿肥翻压量对实现绿肥的最大效益至关重要。以往关于绿肥-烤烟轮作的研究多关注烤烟的产量和品质,鲜少关注土壤质量和酶活性,开展有关研究可为烟田土壤长期可持续利用提供科学依据。本研究基于5年定位试验(2017-2022年),以氮肥减施为背景,研究绿肥光叶紫花苕不同翻压量对烤烟产量和土壤质量的影响,综合评价云南烟区种植利用光叶紫花苕的氮肥减施效应,为我国云南烟区的烤烟高产与节肥增效提供理论依据和实践指导。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

试验点位于云南省昆明市云南省农业科学院基地,属亚热带高原季风气候,该地区年平均气温14.2 ℃,降水量987.1 mm。试验地土壤为红色石灰土,其基础理化性状见表1

1.2 试验材料

供试绿肥和烤烟来自当地主栽品种,分别是光叶紫花苕和K326。光叶紫花苕的N、P、K含量分别为33.8 g·kg-1、2.5 g·kg-1和22.4 g·kg-1

1.3 试验设计

该田间试验于2017年10月种植绿肥(光叶紫花苕),共设10个处理,分别为冬闲不施氮肥(CK)、冬闲+常规施用氮肥(F100)、70%氮肥+绿肥7500 kg·hm-2(F70G0.5)、70%氮肥+绿肥15000 kg·hm-2(F70G1.0)、70%氮肥+绿肥22500 kg·hm-2(F70G1.5)、70%氮肥+绿肥30000 kg·hm-2(F70G2.0)、85%氮肥+绿肥7500 kg·hm-2(F85G0.5)、85%氮肥+绿肥15000 kg·hm-2(F85G1.0)、85%氮肥+绿肥22500 kg·hm-2(F85G1.5)和85%氮肥+绿肥30000 kg·hm-2(F85G2.0)。其中常规氮肥用量为120 kg·hm-2,F70和F85分别为常规氮肥的70%和85%,磷钾肥施肥量分别为90 kg·hm-2(P2O5)和405 kg·hm-2(K2O)。烟草移植前20 d原位翻压绿肥,用量不足的异地移入。小区面积21 m2,每个处理3次重复,随机区组排列,田间管理方式遵循当地种植习惯。

1.4 样品采集与测定

于2022年烟草成熟后,烘烤测产。采集各小区土壤样品(5点法),过2 mm筛,其中,一部分鲜土用于土壤可溶性有机物、无机氮(铵态氮NH4+-N和硝态氮NO3--N)和碳氮磷转化酶活性的测定,其余部分风干,用于分析土壤速效养分,部分干土磨细过0.15 mm筛后测定土壤全氮和有机质。土壤基础化学性状测试方法参考《土壤农化分析》17,具体如下:土壤有机质(soil organic matter, SOM)采用重铬酸钾外加热法测定;土壤pH值采用电位法测定(土水比1.0∶2.5);土壤全氮(total nitrogen, TN)采用H2SO4-催化剂消解,凯氏定氮法测定;采用KCl溶液提取土壤无机氮,连续流动分析仪(AA3,SEAL Analytical,德国)测定浓度;土壤有效磷(available phosphorus, AP)采用NaHCO3溶液提取,紫外分光光度计(UV-2100,Rayleigh,中国)测定;土壤速效钾(available potassium, AK)采用NH4Ac浸提,火焰光度法分析;可溶性有机物(dissolved organic matter, DOM)为可溶性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon, DOC)和可溶性有机氮(dissolved organic nitrogen, DON)的总和,采用超纯水浸提,总有机碳分析仪(Multi N/C 2100,Analytik Jena,德国)测定。

土壤酶活性分为3大类,分别参与土壤碳、氮、磷转化,其中与碳转化相关酶类包括β-葡萄糖苷酶(β- glucosidase, BG)、β-纤维二糖苷酶(β-cellobiosidase, CB)、β-木糖苷酶(β-xylosidase, XYL)和α-葡萄糖苷酶(α- glucosidases, AG),氮转化酶包括乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(acetylglucosaminidase, NAG)和亮氨酸氨基肽酶(leucine aminopeptidase, LAP),磷转化酶类为碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP),均采用荧光微型板酶检测技术分析测定18

1.5 数据分析

用土壤质量指数(soil quality index,SQI)来衡量土壤健康状况,土壤质量面积指数越大表明土壤健康状况越好19,具体计算公式如下:

SLi=X/Xmax
SQI=0.5×i=1nSLi2×sin(2πn)

式中:SLi 代表第i个土壤指标的线性得分;XXmax分别代表第i个指标的测定值和最大值;n为土壤指标的总数18

1.6 统计分析

使用SPSS 22.0进行统计分析,采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)进行LSD (P<0.05)的多重比较,冗余分析使用Canoco 5.1,随机森林和偏最小二乘路径分析(partial least squares path modeling, PLS-PM)分别使用R语言(R 4.3.2)中的“randomForest”和“plspm”包,使用Origin 2024绘图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 烤烟产量

图1所示,与不施肥处理相比,常规施肥和种植翻压绿肥配合减施常规量氮肥15%和30%条件下,烤烟产量均显著提高(P<0.05)。相比常规施肥F100处理,除了F70G0.5处理,不同绿肥翻压量配合减施常规量氮肥30%条件下,烤烟产量均显著增加(P<0.05),且随着绿肥翻压量的增加,产量逐渐提升,绿肥翻压15000、22500和30000 kg·hm-2处理烤烟产量分别提高了4.74%、4.85%和5.46%;减施常规量氮肥15%条件下,绿肥翻压15000、22500和30000 kg·hm-2处理烤烟产量分别为2079、2137和2062 kg·hm-2,相比F100,显著增加了6.96%、9.94%和6.11% (P<0.05)。

2.2 土壤养分性状

与F100处理相比,减施氮肥15%和30%条件下,绿肥翻压15000~30000 kg·hm-2时,土壤pH值分别显著降低0.23~0.31和0.25~0.27。减施氮肥30%条件下,绿肥翻压30000 kg·hm-2土壤有机质含量相比F100处理显著提高28.2%,减施氮肥15%条件下,不同绿肥翻压量处理土壤有机质含量增加了4.0~6.9 g·kg-1,增幅15.7%~27.1%,其中,F85G2.0>F85G1.5>F85G1.0>F85G0.5表2)。全氮、有效磷(除了F85G2.0)含量在各处理间无显著差异。相比F100,F70G1.5、F70G2.0和F85G2.0处理土壤速效钾含量分别显著增加了51.7%,60.2%和64.6%。不同绿肥翻压量处理土壤可溶性有机碳、可溶性有机氮(除了F85G0.5)相比F100处理分别显著提升了27.2%~44.4%和145%~243%。铵态氮含量以绿肥还田配合减施常规量30%氮肥处理下较高,其中相比F100,F70G1.0、F70G1.5和F70G2.0显著提高了89.3%~195.0%。相比F100,F70G0.5、F70G1.0、F85G1.0、F85G1.5和F85G2.0处理土壤硝态氮含量显著提高了83.6%~278.2%。

土壤质量指数以CK最低,其次是F100处理。不同氮肥减施条件下,土壤质量指数均随着绿肥翻压量增加而递增。相比F100,4个绿肥翻压量配合减施氮肥30%处理土壤质量指数分别显著增加35.9%、37.4%、49.1%和72.9%,减施氮肥15%条件下,绿肥翻压15000、22500和30000 kg·hm-2处理土壤质量指数分别显著提高37.7%,46.7%和71.3% (图2)。

2.3 土壤酶活性

相比冬闲处理,种植翻压绿肥配合减施氮肥增加了土壤水解酶活性(表3)。相比F100处理,F70G2.0和F85G2.0处理土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-纤维二糖苷酶活性分别显著提升了45.2%、49.5%和29.9%、50.5%。绿肥翻压15000~30000 kg·hm-2,减施氮肥15%和30%条件下土壤β-木糖苷酶活性分别提升124%~225%和85.7%~230.5%。翻压绿肥配合减施氮肥15%处理α-葡萄糖苷酶活性较F100提高了40.1%~147.8%。绿肥翻压22500和30000 kg·hm-2配合减施氮肥30%处理α-葡萄糖苷酶活性分别提高了62.7%和90.8%。相比F100处理,F70G2.0、F85G1.5和F85G2.0处理土壤乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性分别提高了48.1%、20.8%和58.5%,亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性分别提高了19.7%、15.3%和34.2%。碱性磷酸酶活性随着绿肥翻压量的增加而递增,相比F100,F70G2.0和F85G2.0分别显著增加37.8%和24.8%。

2.4 土壤养分性状、酶活性与产量间的关系

土壤养分性状和酶活性的相关性分析结果表明(图3a),土壤有机质、有效磷、可溶性有机碳、可溶性有机氮均与土壤碳氮磷转化酶活性呈显著正相关,土壤pH与碳氮转化相关酶活性显著负相关,土壤硝态氮与碳氮转化相关酶活性显著正相关。冗余分析结果表明(图3b),9种养分性状对土壤酶活性的解释率为66.95%(RDA1为60.52%,RDA2为6.43%),土壤有机质和有效磷的箭头连线较长,可知两者对土壤酶活性的变化起到很好解释作用,贡献率分别为51.7%和24.0%(表4)。采用偏最小二乘路径模型揭示不同因子对烤烟产量的影响(图4a),因子载荷分析表明土壤无机氮和α-葡萄糖苷酶(或乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶)可分别作为反映土壤有效养分和酶活性的有力指标。试验处理显著影响土壤pH值、总氮和土壤酶活性,土壤有机质(0.48)和酶活性(0.41)显著影响烤烟产量(图4a)。随机森林结果表明(图4b),土壤养分性状中硝态氮和可溶性有机氮对烟草产量的贡献率较高。

3 讨论

3.1 绿肥配施减量氮肥提高土壤质量和烤烟产量

施肥方式对土壤养分性状影响各异,减施氮肥下绿肥还田能够提高土壤养分含量20。本研究表明,与常规施肥相比,种植翻压光叶紫花苕配合减施15%化肥和翻压30000 kg·hm-2绿肥配合减施30%化肥显著提高了土壤有机质含量(P<0.05),但对全氮含量影响不显著(P>0.05),然而土壤可溶性有机氮和硝态氮含量大幅提升,且随着绿肥翻压量的增加不断增加,说明种植利用绿肥能替代部分氮肥,减少化学氮投入,同时提高活性氮含量21。前人研究同样发现绿肥与化肥配施可以培育土壤碳氮库,改善土壤养分性状22。绿肥还田对土壤有机质的提升是多方面的,一方面绿肥自身积累的大量有机物质为土壤微生物提供丰富的碳源;另一方面可增加土壤微生物生物量,促进微生物对有机物质的分解;同时改善土壤结构促进土壤团聚体形成,提高土壤有机质稳定性23。氮肥减施可减少氮肥对土壤氮的负面影响(土壤酸化、有机质矿化加速等)24,绿肥还田则通过微生物矿化分解,缓慢释放氮,从而增加土壤活性氮含量25-26。另外,光叶紫花苕能够发挥生物固氮作用,翻压后亦可为土壤提供氮素,增加土壤速效养分含量18。相比常规施肥,化肥减量30%翻压光叶紫花苕7500~30000 kg·hm-2均显著提高土壤质量指数,其中,F70G2.0处理下土壤质量指数最高,说明化肥减量30%翻压光叶紫花苕能够有效提高烟田土壤综合肥力。

烤烟对环境条件极为敏感,因此土壤养分的充足供应对于提高烤烟产量至关重要10。相比常规施肥,减施氮肥30%条件下,翻压22500~30000 kg·hm-2绿肥,烤烟产量显著增加,主要是由于不同施肥方式对养分供应的影响各异。PLS-PM模型分析表明,不同翻压量绿肥通过调节土壤有机质和酶活性(P<0.05)影响烤烟产量,表明土壤有机质含量和酶活性的提高对烤烟产量具有正面影响。翻压绿肥提高了土壤有机质含量,有助于改善土壤物理结构,如增加土壤孔隙度,为作物根系的生长提供良好的环境27。另外,土壤有机质在微生物作用下分解,释放出植物生长所需的养分,有助于提高作物的养分利用效率、促进其生长28。翻压绿肥后,土壤酶活性的改善标志着土壤中生物过程更加活跃,不仅利于土壤有机物的分解转化,还确保了烤烟生长所需的营养元素供应,有助于提升烤烟产量29。王亚麒4同样发现冬季种植绿肥,可能改变烟田土壤微生物的生长环境,有益于缓解烤烟连作障碍,维持烤烟产量。土壤速效养分中无机氮在PLS-PM模型中因子载荷值最高,运用随机森林分析发现,土壤硝态氮和可溶性有机氮对烟草产量的贡献率较大,进一步表明光叶紫花苕主要通过改善土壤活性氮含量来促进作物生长30。因此,绿肥与减量化肥配施有利于加速土壤养分循环,这也是烤烟产量提高的重要因素。根据2022年K326品种烤烟的均价、投入的光叶紫花苕种子成本及30%的节肥效益31,经成本核算,翻压光叶紫花苕22500和30000 kg·hm-2配合减施30%氮肥的烟叶产量增收和节肥效益为2784和3127元·hm-2,大于种植绿肥的成本(1100和1467元·hm-2),表明,光叶紫花苕与减量化肥配施不仅能够实现节肥增收,而且经济效益显著。

3.2 绿肥配施减量氮肥提高土壤酶活性

土壤酶活性是衡量土壤肥力和生物活性的关键指标,反映土壤中有机物质的分解和营养循环的活跃程度32。植物残体分解物和土壤微生物的代谢产物是土壤酶的主要贡献者33。绿肥还田为土壤微生物的生长和发育提供了丰富的底物,不仅促进了微生物的代谢活动,也显著提高了土壤中与碳、氮、磷养分循环相关的水解酶活性34。本研究发现,与常规施肥相比,翻压绿肥并配合氮肥减施,显著促进了参与土壤中碳、氮、磷转化相关酶的活性,同时,随着绿肥翻压量的增加酶活性逐渐提升。王慧等20同样发现,相比常规施肥,紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)绿肥还田配合减施20%和40%常规量氮肥处理下,南方稻田土壤α-葡萄糖苷酶、β-纤维二糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和β-木糖苷酶活性显著提高。

种植翻压绿肥能够通过改变土壤全量和速效养分来影响土壤水解酶活性35。减施氮肥条件下,随着绿肥翻压量的增加,土壤水解酶活性呈上升趋势,这可能是由于绿肥不仅直接增加了土壤中的全量碳氮含量,还通过有机物的分解提高了碳和氮的可用性,改变了微生物群落结构,从而促进了微生物的生长和活性36。微生物活动是土壤酶产生和活性维持的重要驱动力,微生物在分解有机物过程中促进多种酶类产生,这些酶类是土壤中酶活性增加的关键因素14。相关性分析表明,土壤pH与土壤碳氮转化酶活性显著负相关,表明绿肥还田配施减量氮肥通过负向调节土壤pH,有助于提升参与碳氮转化的水解酶活性。与叶协锋等29的研究结果一致,土壤有机碳和速效养分均在不同程度上与酶活性呈现出一定正相关关系,其中土壤有机质和有效磷对酶活性的贡献较大。烟田土壤微生物易受到碳、磷限制18,而绿肥还田配施减量氮肥提升了土壤有机质和有效磷含量,有助于缓解土壤微生物碳、磷限制18,提高土壤养分利用效率和作物生产力。因此,绿肥还田配合减量化肥有助于提高土壤酶活性、改善微生物环境。其中,种植翻压光叶紫花苕22500~30000 kg·hm-2配合减施30%氮肥综合效果更好。

4 结论

与常规施肥相比,光叶紫花苕翻压配合减施30%氮肥可显著提高土壤中参与碳氮磷转化相关水解酶的活性,改善土壤养分,增加土壤质量指数,从而提升烤烟产量,本试验条件下以光叶紫花苕翻压量22500~30000 kg·hm-2的综合效果更优。

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基金资助

红塔集团科技项目(2022YL02)

国家绿肥产业技术体系项目(CARS-22)

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