燕麦种植密度对马唐和稗草生长及根际真菌群落结构的影响
Effects of oat (Avena sativa) planting density on the growth and rhizosphere fungal community structure of Digitaria sanguinalis and Echinochloa crusgalli
探讨不同燕麦种植密度对杂草马唐和稗草生长及其根际真菌群落结构和功能的影响,可为杂草综合管理提供科学依据。基于田间研究结果,室内盆栽试验设置3种燕麦种植密度[240,360(推荐密度)和480株·m-2],并对杂草马唐和稗草分别进行单种或混种处理。研究测定植物生长指标、光合特性和土壤理化性质,并采用高通量测序技术分析根际真菌的群落结构、多样性和功能类群。研究结果表明,随着燕麦种植密度的增加(240~480株·m-2),对马唐和稗草株高、分蘖数、生物量、净光合速率及气孔导度的抑制作用显著增强,其中480株·m-2处理的抑制效果最为显著(P<0.05)。根际真菌分析显示,与稗草+马唐混种处理相比,燕麦+稗草+马唐混作处理显著(P<0.05)降低了稗草根际真菌的Shannon指数和马唐根际真菌的Chao1指数。同时,在360和480株·m-2燕麦种植密度下,杂草根际显著(P<0.05)富集了被孢霉科、线黑粉菌科和小囊菌科等真菌菌群,并显著(P<0.05)降低了曲霉科和丝膜菌科的相对丰度。冗余分析显示,土壤硝态氮、速效磷、全碳和pH是影响杂草根际真菌群落结构和多样性的关键环境因子(P<0.05)。关于真菌的营养模式,FUNGuild分析表明,与稗草+马唐处理相比,提高燕麦种植密度(360和480株·m-2)显著(P<0.05)升高了稗草根际共生型真菌的相对丰度,同时显著(P<0.05)降低了病理-腐生型真菌的相对丰度。而在马唐根际,提高燕麦种植密度对大多数真菌营养类群的相对丰度影响不大,但显著(P<0.05)降低了病理型真菌的丰度。综上所述,提高燕麦种植密度(360和480株·m-2)不仅显著抑制了马唐和稗草的生长和光合作用,还通过调控根际真菌群落结构与功能特性,削弱了杂草的竞争力。本研究为实现杂草综合管理和推动可持续农业发展提供了重要的科学依据。
In this study, we investigated the effects of different planting densities of oat (Avena sativa) on the growth of weeds, namely Digitaria sanguinalis and Echinochloa crusgalli, as well as on the structure and functions of their rhizosphere fungal communities. The overall aim of this research was to provide a scientific basis for integrated weed management. Based on the results of previous field studies, a controlled pot experiment was conducted to test different oat planting densities [240, 360 (recommended planting density in the field), and 480 plants·m-2] in combination with one or two weed grasses (D. sanguinalis and/or E. crusgalli). Plant growth traits and photosynthetic characteristics were determined, and soil physicochemical properties were measured. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the community structure, diversity, and functional groups of fungi in the rhizosphere. The results demonstrated that increasing the oat planting density from 240 to 480 plants·m-2 significantly enhanced the suppression of D. sanguinalis and E. crusgalli growth in terms of plant height, tiller number, biomass, net photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance, with the strongest suppression effect observed with a planting density of 480 plants·m-2 (P<0.05). Analyses of rhizosphere fungi revealed that, compared with D. sanguinalis+E. crusgalli, mixed cropping of A. sativa+D. sanguinalis+E. crusgalli significantly reduced Shannon’s index of fungal diversity in the E. crusgalli rhizosphere and the Chao1 index in the D. sanguinalis rhizosphere (P<0.05). Meanwhile, with oat planting densities of 360 and 480 plants·m-2, the rhizospheres of the weeds showed significant enrichment of fungal taxa such as Mortierellaceae, Filobasidiaceae, and Microascaceae, alongside significant decreases in the relative abundance of Aspergillaceae and Chaetosphaeriaceae (P<0.05). A redundancy analysis revealed that soil nitrate-nitrogen, available phosphorus, total carbon, and pH were the primary environmental factors influencing the diversity and structural variations in fungal communities in the rhizospheres of weeds (P<0.05). With respect to fungal nutritional mode, FUNGuild analysis revealed that in rhizosphere soil of E. crusgalli+D. sanguinalis, the presence of A. sativa, especially at higher planting densities (360 and 480 plants·m-2) significantly (P<0.05) increased the relative abundance of symbiotroph fungi and significantly (P<0.05) reduced the relative abundance of pathotroph-saprotroph fungi. In the D. sanguinalis rhizosphere, the presence of A. sativa had little impact on the relative abundance of the majority of fungal trophic classes but did significantly (P<0.05) reduce abundance of pathotroph fungi. In summary, higher planting densities (360 and 480 plants·m-2) of oat not only significantly suppressed the growth and photosynthesis of D. sanguinalis and E. crusgalli, but also weakened their competitiveness by affecting the structure and functional characteristics of their rhizosphere fungal communities. The results of this study provide scientific data of interest for integrated weed management and sustainable agriculture applications.
interspecific competition / fungal community / diversity / weed control
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国家牧草产业技术体系(CARS-34)
山东省一流学科——草学(1619002)
山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2022MC070)
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